Doc. 13 at 13–15).

103

Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570.

104

Rec. Doc. 13 at 15.

105

FED.R.CIV.P. 12(d) (“If, on a motion under Rule 12(b)(6) or 12(c), matters outside the pleadings are presented to … the court, the motion must be treated as one for summary judgment under Rule 56.”); see also Eberhardt v. Merck & Co. Inc., 106 Fed.Appx. 277, 278 (5th Cir. 2004) (“In determining whether to grant a motion to dismiss, the district court must not go outside the pleadings….” (internal citation and quotation marks omitted)).

106

Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678.

107

Beanal v. Freeport–McMoran, Inc., 197 F.3d 161, 164 (5th Cir. 1999).

108

See Carroll v. Fort James Corp., 470 F.3d 1171, 1175 (5th Cir. 2006) (quoting Dussouy v. Gulf Coast Inv. Corp., 660 F.2d 594, 597–98 (5th Cir. 1981)).

109

Rec. Doc. 9.