United States District Court,

N.D. California.

BNSF LOGISTICS, LLC, Plaintiff,

v.

L & N EXPRESS, INC., Defendant.

 

No. C 11–5810–PJH.

Feb. 16, 2012.

 

Behrooz Alexander Moghaddam, Law Offices of Alexander Moghaddam, PC, Santa Monica, CA, for Plaintiff.

 

Gregg S. Garfinkel, Nemecek & Cole, Sherman Oaks, CA, for Defendant.

 

ORDER GRANTING DEFENDANT’S MOTION TO DISMISS

PHYLLIS J. HAMILTON, District Judge.

*1 Before the court is a motion to dismiss filed by defendant L & N Express, Inc. (“L & N”). For the reasons stated below, L & N’s motion to dismiss is GRANTED.

 

BACKGROUND

Plaintiff BNSF Logistics, LLC (“BNSF”) is a transportation intermediary that assists customers with transportation logistics. See Complaint, ¶ 1. L & N is a common carrier. See ¶ 2. In November 2010, BNSF and L & N executed a Broker/Carrier Agreement, under which L & N agreed to provide transportation services to BNSF’s customers. See ¶ 5. L & N identified Nathan Tran as its representative and provided an email address to BNSF for communications regarding shipments. See Id.

 

BNSF alleges that on or about March 9, 2011, an individual identifying himself as “Garik” and claiming to represent L & N called BNSF regarding a spot contract for the shipment of a load of Fisher Price products.FN1 See ¶ 6. The next day, BNSF sent a rate confirmation email to the email address provided by L & N. L & N did not respond to the email. On March 11, 2011, Garik picked up the Fisher Price load in California. The load was never delivered and has not been found since.

 

FN1. In construing the complaint and BNSF’s opposition liberally, the court notes that BNSF does not allege any kind of connection between Garik and L & N’s designated representative, Mr. Tran, or any facts from which the court could infer such a connection. Specifically, BNSF does not allege whether Garik worked for or represented Mr. Tran, only that he claimed to represent L & N. Based on that claim, BNSF released both shipments to Garik notwithstanding that he had not been identified by L & N as its representative. As BNSF alleges in its opposition, Garik “was a thief who had absconded with both shipments.” See Complaint, ¶ 5–6; BNSF’s opposition at 2.

 

On March 14, 2011, Garik called BNSF again and arranged to pick up a load of Proctor and Gamble products in California. See ¶ 7. Like the Fisher Price products, the Proctor and Gamble products were never delivered and has not been found since. From March 10th to March 16th, L & N did not respond to BNSF’s March 10th confirmation email. BNSF later learned that L & N had stopped using Mr. Tran prior to these two shipments but had not informed BNSF of this change. See ¶ 8.

 

The consignee of the two shipments, Amazon.com, made claims against BNSF for the invoice value of the goods—$70,925.00 for the Fisher Price shipment and $41,662.92 for the Proctor and Gamble shipment (totaling $112,587.92). BNSF paid both claims.FN2 See ¶ 9.

 

FN2. According to L & N, both shipments were destined for interstate shipment. See L & N’s motion to dismiss at 1. The first shipment of Fisher Price products was picked up in San Bernardino, California and was destined for Carlisle, Pennsylvania. The second shipment of Proctor and Gamble products was picked up in Oxnard, California and was destined for Fernley, Nevada.

 

Based on these facts, BNSF alleges that L & N failed to inform BNSF of the change in L & N’s representative and failed to respond to BNSF’s March 10th email. BNSF seeks equitable indemnity, total or partial contribution, and declaratory relief.

 

To that end, BNSF filed the instant action in Sacramento Superior Court on October 25, 2011. On November 30, 2011, L & N removed the action to federal court, asserting that BNSF’s state law claims are preempted by two federal statutes: (1) the Carmack Amendment to the Interstate Commerce Act (49 U.S.C. § 14706) (“Carmack Amendment”) and (2) the Interstate Commerce Commission Termination Act (49 U.S.C. § 14501) (“ICCTA”).

 

L & N filed a motion to dismiss for failure to state facts upon which relief can be granted on December 7, 2011. On December 21, 2011, BNSF filed an opposition brief, contending that L & N’s motion to dismiss should be denied and alternatively, that the case should be remanded to the state court. According to the opposition brief, BNSF intends to file a motion to remand in due time. L & N filed its reply on December 28, 2011. The hearing was vacated and the matter was taken under submission when BNSF requested a continuance of the February 8, 2012 hearing date to a date that was not available.

 

DISCUSSION

A. Legal Standard

*2 A motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6) tests for the legal sufficiency of the claims alleged in the complaint. Ileto v. Glock, Inc., 349 F.3d 1191, 1199–1200 (9th Cir.2003). Review is limited to the contents of the complaint.   Allarcom Pay Television, Ltd. v. Gen. Instrument Corp., 69 F.3d 381, 385 (9th Cir.1995). To survive a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim, a complaint generally must satisfy only the minimal notice pleading requirements of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8.

 

Rule 8(a)(2) requires only that the complaint include a “short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.” Fed.R.Civ.P. 8(a)(2). Specific facts are unnecessary—the statement need only give the defendant “fair notice of the claim and the grounds upon which it rests. Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 93, 127 S.Ct. 2197, 167 L.Ed.2d 1081 (citing Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007)). All allegations of material fact are taken as true. Id. at 94. However, a plaintiff’s obligation to provide the grounds of his entitlement to relief “requires more than labels and conclusions, and a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action will not do.”   Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555 (citations and quotations omitted). Rather, the allegations in the complaint “must be enough to raise a right to relief above the speculative level. Id.

 

A motion to dismiss should be granted if the complaint does not proffer enough facts to state a claim for relief that is plausible on its face. See id. at 558–59. “[W]here the well-pleaded facts do not permit the court to infer more than the mere possibility of misconduct, the complaint has alleged-but it has not show[n] that the pleader is entitled to relief. Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 1950, 173 L.Ed.2d 868 (2009).

 

In addition, when resolving a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim, the court may not generally consider materials outside the pleadings. Lee v. City of Los Angeles, 250 F.3d 668, 688 (9th Cir.2001). There are several exceptions to this rule. The court may consider a matter that is properly the subject of judicial notice, such as matters of public record. Id. at 689; see also Mack v. South Bay Beer Distributors, Inc., 798 F.2d 1279, 1282 (9th Cir.1986) (on a motion to dismiss, a court may properly look beyond the complaint to matters of public record and doing so does not convert a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to one for summary judgment). Additionally, the court may consider exhibits attached to the complaint, see Hal Roach Studios, Inc. V. Richard Feiner & Co., Inc., 896 F.2d 1542, 1555 n. 19 (9th Cir.1989), and documents referenced by the complaint and accepted by all parties as authentic. See Van Buskirk v. Cable News Network, Inc., 284 F.3d 977, 980 (9th Cir.2002).

 

B. Legal Analysis

As construed by the parties and the court, the complaint alleges a breach of contract claim and a negligence claim. These claims raise the following overarching issues for disposition: (1) whether the Carmack Amendment preempts BNSF’s claims; and (2) whether the ICCTA preempts BNSF’s claims.

 

1. Whether the Carmack Amendment preempts BNSF’s state law claims

*3 In response to varying legislative and judicial views on a carrier’s responsibility during interstate transportation, Congress passed the Carmack Amendment to provide a “uniform national liability policy for interstate carriers.” Hall v. N. Am. Van Lines, Inc., 476 F.3d 683, 687 (9th Cir.2007) (quoting Hughes Aircraft Co. v. N. Am. Van Lines, Inc., 970 F.2d 609, 613 (9th Cir.1992)). Under the Carmack Amendment, 49 U.S.C. § 14706, a shipper can recover for loss or damage to its property caused by any interstate carrier involved in the transporting of the shipper’s property.FN3

 

FN3. The exact statutory language is as follows:

 

Motor carriers and freight forwarders—A carrier providing transportation or service … shall issue a receipt or bill of lading for property it receives for transportation under this part. That carrier and any other carrier that delivers the property and is providing transportation or service … are liable to the person entitled to recover under the receipt or bill of lading. The liability imposed under this paragraph is for the actual loss or injury to the property caused by (A) the receiving carrier, or (B) the delivering carrier … Failure to issue a receipt or bill of lading does not affect the liability of a carrier.

 

49 U.S.C. § 14706

 

In multiple opinions, the Supreme Court has interpreted the Carmack Amendment as broadly preempting state law claims arising from failures in the interstate transportation of goods. See Adams Express Co. v. Croninger, 226 U.S. 491, 505–06, 33 S.Ct. 148, 57 L.Ed. 314 (1913) (“[The Carmack Amendment] embraces the subject of the liability of the carrier under a bill of lading which he must issue … Almost every detail of the subject is covered so completely that there can be no rational doubt but that Congress intended to take possession of the subject, and supersede all state regulation with reference to it.”). See also Ga., Fla. & Ala. Ry. Co. v. Blish Milling Co., 241 U.S. 190, 196, 36 S.Ct. 541, 60 L.Ed. 948 (1916) (The language of the Carmack Amendment is “comprehensive enough to embrace responsibility for all losses resulting from any failure to discharge a carrier’s duty as to any part of the agreed transportation …”); N.Y., Philadelphia, & Norfolk R.R. Co. v. Peninsula Product Exch. of Md., 240 U.S. 34, 36 S.Ct. 230, 60 L.Ed. 511 (1916); Se. Express Co. v. Pastime Amusement Co. ., 299 U.S. 28, 57 S.Ct. 73, 81 L.Ed. 20 (1936).

 

The Ninth Circuit has also held that the Carmack Amendment preempts breach of contract claims. In Hall, the Ninth Circuit held that the Carmack Amendment preempted a contract claim alleging refusal to deliver. 476 F.3d at 688. There, the plaintiff shipper contracted with the defendant carrier to ship her household goods from California to Montana. Id. at 685. The defendant refused to deliver her goods until she made certain payments. Id. After additional delays, the plaintiff convinced the defendant to release her goods in California for an additional payment. Id. at 686. The plaintiff filed suit in California state court and alleged, among other claims, breach of contract. Id.

 

The Ninth Circuit preliminarily noted that the Carmack Amendment is the “exclusive cause of action for interstate-shipping contract claims alleging loss or damage to property.” Id. at 688. Because the precipitating event for the breach of contract claim, the carrier’s refusal to deliver, was a matter of first impression for the Ninth Circuit, the court turned to a Fifth Circuit case, Moffit v. Bekins Van Lines Co., 6 F.3d 305, 306–07 (5th Cir.1993), for guidance. Id. In Moffit, the Fifth Circuit held that the Carmack Amendment preempted a contract claim alleging the late delivery of goods, even without loss or property damage. Id. The Ninth Circuit agreed with the Fifth Circuit that allowing the plaintiff to allege “finer distinctions between types of contract damages” would undermine the purpose of the Carmack Amendment. Id.; see also Smallwood v. Allied Van Lines, Inc., 660 F.3d 1115, 1120 (9th Cir.2011) (Plaintiff’s breach of contract claim, arising from defendant’s failure to detect that a shipment of firearms would violate international law, was preempted by the Carmack Amendment because the breach “plainly [arose] from an interstate shipping contract….”).

 

*4 Here, L & N argues that the Carmack Amendment preempts BNSF’s breach of contract claim because BNSF’s allegations flow from the Broker/Carrier Agreement and the Carmack Amendment’s preemption provision has been broadly interpreted. BNSF responds that no preemption occurs, because its contract claim is not premised on any rendering of services by L & N. Rather, it is premised on allegations that have not been previously preempted, namely L & N’s failures to update its contact information and to respond to BNSF’s email.

 

On balance, and like the plaintiff shippers in the above cases, the court concludes that BNSF’s contract claim flows directly from the Broker/Carrier Agreement with L & N. Pursuant to this agreement, BNSF seeks to hold L & N liable for the loss of the two shipments. BNSF’s claim falls squarely within the preemptive ambit of the Carmack Amendment. Moreover, BNSF’s attempt to allege “finer distinctions” between types of contract damages, as did the plaintiffs in Hall and Moffit, is not only contrary to the purpose of the Carmack Amendment but illogical. The duty to inform the shipper of changes in important personnel and to promptly respond to communications regarding shipments is an important part of a carrier’s service. Within the context of a carrier’s service, this duty is not any less important than the duty to deliver the goods in a timely manner, or the duty to not lose the goods. Moreover, Supreme Court and Ninth Circuit precedent compels the conclusion that BNSF’s contract claim is related to L & N’s carrier services, pursuant to the Broker/Carrier Agreement. See Adams Express Co., 226 U.S. at 505–06; Blish Milling Co., 241 U.S. at 196; Hall, 476 F.3d at 688; Smallwood, 660 F.3d at 1120.

 

Accordingly, the court GRANTS L & N’s motion to dismiss BNSF’s breach of contract claim.

 

With respect to the negligence claim, the Ninth Circuit has also held that the Carmack Amendment preempts negligence claims.FN4 Hughes Aircraft Co., 970 F.2d at 614. In Hughes Aircraft Co., a mainframe computer was damaged during interstate transportation. Id. at 611. The plaintiff shipper sued the defendant carrier for state law negligence. Id. The Ninth Circuit held that the Carmack Amendment preempted any state common law action, including a negligence claim. Id. at 613. Other circuits have made similar findings. See Smith v. United Postal Service, 296 F.3d 1244, 1249 (11th Cir.2002) (The Carmack Amendment preempted the plaintiffs’ negligence claim because it arose from the defendant’s failure to deliver their packages.); Moffit, 6 F.3d at 307 (The Carmack Amendment preempted the negligence claim alleging untimely delivery of goods because to hold otherwise would defeat the purpose of the statute, which was to “create uniformity out of disparity.”). The Supreme Court has also concluded that a shipper’s negligence claim arising from a failure to deliver the goods in a timely manner was preempted by the Carmack Amendment.   Pastime Amusement Co., 299 U.S. at 29.

 

FN4. To the extent that the complaint can be construed as alleging a negligence claim based on a free standing duty that is independent of any contract, such a claim is untenable because as noted by the Ninth Circuit in Hughes Aircraft Co., most carriers sign contracts when they transport goods across state lines. 970 F.2d at 614. This is not surprising because the carrier cannot limit its liability unless it is in writing. Id.

 

*5 The same analysis that applies to the breach of contract claim, applies to the negligence claim as well. The allegations that support a negligence claim flow from the Broker/Carrier Agreement. This agreement imposes a duty on L & N to fulfill its obligations, including a duty to inform BNSF of personnel changes and to respond to communications. Because L & N failed to discharge its duty, BNSF seeks to hold L & N liable for the loss of the two shipments. While BNSF argues that its negligence claim is distinguishable from those in the cited cases, the court disagrees.

 

The court accordingly GRANTS L & N’s motion to dismiss BNSF’s negligence claim, as well as its contract claim. The dismissal is without prejudice to BNSF’s ability to allege a claim or claims pursuant to the Carmack Amendment.

 

2. Whether the ICCTA preempts BNSF’s state law claims

Although the court does not need to consider whether the ICCTA preempts BNSF’s claims in view of the foregoing analysis, the court does so nonetheless.

 

The ICCTA, 49 U.S.C. § 14501(c)(1), states that “a state may not enact or enforce a law, regulation, or other provision having the force and effect of law related to a price, route, or service of any motor carrier.” The Supreme Court recently interpreted the ICCTA preemption provision broadly. Rowe v. N.H. Motor Transp. Ass’n, 522 U.S. 364, 367 (2008). In Rowe, the Court considered whether the ICCTA preempted a Maine statute that attempted to regulate the delivery of tobacco to customers in Maine. Id. The Court noted that the preemption provision was modeled after the preemption provision in the Airline Deregulation Act of 1978 (49 U.S.C. § 41713(b)(4)) (“ADA”). Id. Consequently, the Court looked to its previous decision in Morales v. Trans World Airlines, 504 U.S. 374, 112 S.Ct. 2031, 119 L.Ed.2d 157 (1992), in which the Court interpreted the ADA’s preemption provision. Id. at 370. Given the Morales holding, the Court determined that: (1) state enforcement actions “having a connection with, or reference to” carrier rates, routes, or services are preempted; (2) preemption may occur even if a state law’s effect on rates, routes, or services is indirect; (3) it does not matter whether a state law is consistent or inconsistent with federal regulation; (4) preemption occurs at least where state laws have a “significant impact” related to Congress’ deregulatory and preemption related goals; and (5) there is no preemption if the state laws affect the rates, routes, or services in only a “tenuous, remote, or peripheral” manner. Id. The Court held that the ICCTA (along with the Federal Aviation Administration Authorization Act of 1994) preempted the Maine statute. Id. at 367.

 

BNSF contends that the ICCTA does not preempt its claims because on a general level, its claims “have nothing whatsoever to do with the interstate transportation of any goods, or with any transportation services rendered by L & N.” See BNSF’s opposition at 12. BNSF further contends that L & N’s failure to respond to its email does not have any connection with or effect on L & N’s rates, routes, or services, much less exceed the “tenuous, remote or peripheral” minimum. While L & N’s failure to respond to BNSF’s email on its own may not have a connection with L & N’s rates, routes, or service in more than a tenuous, remote or peripheral manner, however, it is only a piece of the picture. At a minimum, L & N’s failures to respond to the email and to inform BNSF of changes in its personnel indirectly references L & N’s services as a carrier because BNSF relied on the Broker/Carrier Agreement when it released the products to Garik. The loss of the two shipments, for which BNSF is seeking indemnity and contribution from L & N, affects L & N’s service in more than a tenuous, remote, or peripheral manner.

 

*6 Accordingly, the court GRANTS L & N’s motion to dismiss BNSF’s state law claims. The dismissal is without prejudice to BNSF’s ability to re-allege its claims pursuant to the ICCTA.

 

CONCLUSION

For the reasons stated above, the court hereby dismisses the claims asserted against L & N—breach of contract and negligence claims—without prejudice. BNSF may file a first amended complaint within 28 days of the date of this order, alleging claims under the Carmack Amendment and/or the ICCTA, as appropriate.

 

IT IS SO ORDERED.