Supreme Court, Appellate Division, Fourth Department, New York.
Robert MILLER, Plaintiff-Respondent,
v.
SILVAROLE TRUCKING INC., Joshua Davis, Defendants-Appellants, et al., Defendants.
804
CA 21-01770
Entered: December 23, 2022
Synopsis
Background: Pedestrian who was struck by a tractor-trailer brought action against trailer driver and driver’s employer. The Supreme Court, Monroe County, Craig J. Doran, J., granted pedestrian’s motion for summary judgment on the issue of negligence and denied defendants’ cross-motion for summary judgment on the issues of pedestrian’s alleged comparative negligence, defendants’ alleged gross negligence, and punitive damages. Defendants appealed.
Holdings: The Supreme Court, Appellate Division, held that:
[1] driver was negligent in his operation of the trailer;
[2] emergency doctrine did not apply to preclude a finding of negligence on part of driver;
[3] defendants failed to establish that driver’s conduct did not constitute gross negligence and, thus, did not establish their prima facie entitlement to judgment as a matter of law on issue of gross negligence; and
[4] evidence submitted by defendants was insufficient to establish their prima facie entitlement to judgment as a matter of law on issue of pedestrian’s alleged comparative negligence.
Affirmed as modified.
[1] Negligence
Driver of tractor-trailer was negligent in his operation of the trailer, as a required element for pedestrian to recover damages for injuries allegedly sustained when he was struck by the trailer, where driver drifted out of the lane of travel and struck pedestrian while he was walking along the side of the road.
[2] Negligence
Emergency doctrine did not apply to preclude a finding of negligence on part of driver of tractor-trailer that drifted out of lane of travel and struck pedestrian while he was walking along the side of the road, absent showing that the purported emergency was not of driver’s own making; driver placed a drink bottle in center console cup holder that fell from the holder to the floor of the cab, where it became lodged underneath accelerator pedal, and driver was only person in the vehicle.
[3] Negligence
The “emergency doctrine” recognizes that when an actor is faced with a sudden and unexpected circumstance that leaves little or no time for thought, deliberation, or consideration, or causes the actor to be reasonably so disturbed that the actor must make a speedy decision without weighing alternative courses of conduct, the actor may not be negligent if the actions taken are reasonable and prudent in the emergency context.
[4] Negligence
The emergency doctrine is only applicable to preclude a finding of negligence when a party is confronted by a sudden, unforeseeable occurrence not of their own making.
[5] Negligence
The emergency doctrine has no application to preclude a finding of negligence where the party seeking to invoke it has created or contributed to the emergency.
[6] Judgment
On motion for summary judgment in negligence action arising from accident in which tractor-trailer left lane of travel and struck pedestrian, trailer driver and his employer failed to establish that driver’s decision to look for and retrieve bottle that had fallen beneath accelerator pedal while trailer was still in motion, despite fact that brakes were in working order, did not constitute gross negligence and, thus, did not establish their prima facie entitlement to judgment as a matter of law on the issue of gross negligence; driver did not aver that he reacted instinctively when bottle fell below accelerator, but driver did establish that he had enough time to apply the brake and begin to slow trailer before removing his eyes from the roadway.
[7] Damages
Because the standard for punitive damages is a strict one and punitive damages will be awarded only in exceptional cases, the conduct justifying such an award must manifest spite or malice, or a fraudulent or evil motive on the part of the defendant, or such conscious and deliberate disregard of the interests of others that the conduct may be called wilful or wanton.
[8] Damages
Punitive damages may be awarded based on intentional actions or actions that, while not intentional, amount to gross negligence, recklessness, or wantonness, or conscious disregard of the rights of others, or for conduct so reckless as to amount to such disregard.
[9] Judgment
Where different conclusions can reasonably be drawn from evidence, motion for summary judgment should be denied.
[10] Damages
Punitive damages are generally unavailable under a theory of vicarious liability.
[11] Judgment
On motion for summary judgment on issue of alleged comparative negligence of pedestrian struck by tractor-trailer, in the form of violation of statutes requiring pedestrians to use sidewalks when safely available and to walk along left side of road when sidewalks were not available, photographs and other evidence submitted by trailer driver and driver’s employer were insufficient to establish their prima facie entitlement to judgment as a matter of law; evidence indicated that pedestrian made right-hand turn onto road on which accident occurred, heading northbound on east side of road, despite sidewalk available on west side, but photographs demonstrated that there was no crosswalk or traffic signal that would have allowed pedestrian to safely cross to west side before accident location. N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 1156(a, b).
[12] Negligence
The question of a plaintiff’s comparative negligence almost invariably raises a factual issue for resolution by the trier of fact.
[13] Negligence
Unexcused violation of Vehicle and Traffic Law constitutes negligence per se. N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 100 et seq.
Appeal from an order of the Supreme Court, Monroe County (Craig J. Doran, J.), entered December 10, 2021. The order granted in part the motion of plaintiff for summary judgment and denied the cross motion of defendants Silvarole Trucking Inc. and Joshua Davis seeking, inter alia, partial summary judgment.
Attorneys and Law Firms
SMITH, SOVIK, KENDRICK & SUGNET, P.C., SYRACUSE (ROBERT P. CAHALAN OF COUNSEL), FOR DEFENDANTS-APPELLANTS.
MCMAHON, MARTINE & GALLAGHER, LLP, BROOKLYN (TIMOTHY D. GALLAGHER OF COUNSEL), FOR PLAINTIFF-RESPONDENT.
PRESENT: SMITH, J.P., PERADOTTO, CURRAN, WINSLOW, AND MONTOUR, JJ.
MEMORANDUM AND ORDER
*1 It is hereby ORDERED that the order so appealed from is unanimously modified on the law by granting the cross motion in part and dismissing the claim for punitive damages against defendant Silvarole Trucking Inc., and as modified the order is affirmed without costs.
Memorandum: Plaintiff commenced this action seeking damages for injuries that he allegedly sustained when he was struck by a tractor-trailer driven by defendant Joshua Davis in the course of his employment with defendant Silvarole Trucking Inc. (Silvarole) (collectively, defendants). Plaintiff moved for summary judgment on the issue of negligence and gross negligence, and defendants cross-moved for, inter alia, summary judgment on the issue of plaintiff’s alleged comparative negligence and dismissing the complaint to the extent that it alleged gross negligence and sought punitive damages. Supreme Court granted the motion insofar as it sought summary judgment on the issue of ordinary negligence and denied the cross motion. Defendants appeal.
[1] [2] [3] [4] [5]We conclude that the court properly granted the motion with respect to the issue of negligence. Plaintiff met his initial burden on the motion of establishing as a matter of law that Davis was negligent in his operation of the tractor-trailer inasmuch as Davis drifted out of the lane of travel and struck plaintiff while he was walking along the side of the road (see generally Strassburg v. Merchants Auto. Group, Inc., 203 A.D.3d 1735, 1736, 166 N.Y.S.3d 87 [4th Dept. 2022]; Bush v. Kovacevic, 140 A.D.3d 1651, 1652-1653, 33 N.Y.S.3d 623 [4th Dept. 2016]). Contrary to defendants’ contention, they failed to raise an issue of fact whether the emergency doctrine applies here (see Watson v. Peschel, 188 A.D.3d 1693, 1694-1695, 135 N.Y.S.3d 736 [4th Dept. 2020]; Aldridge v. Rumsey, 275 A.D.2d 897, 897, 713 N.Y.S.2d 393 [4th Dept. 2000]). The emergency doctrine “recognizes that when an actor is faced with a sudden and unexpected circumstance which leaves little or no time for thought, deliberation or consideration, or causes the actor to be reasonably so disturbed that the actor must make a speedy decision without weighing alternative courses of conduct, the actor may not be negligent if the actions taken are reasonable and prudent in the emergency context” (Rivera v. New York City Tr. Auth., 77 N.Y.2d 322, 327, 567 N.Y.S.2d 629, 569 N.E.2d 432 [1991], rearg denied 77 N.Y.2d 990, 571 N.Y.S.2d 916, 575 N.E.2d 402 [1991]; see Dalton v. Lucas, 96 A.D.3d 1648, 1648, 947 N.Y.S.2d 285 [4th Dept. 2012]). However, “[t]he emergency doctrine is only applicable when a party is confronted by [a] sudden, unforeseeable occurrence not of their own making” (Watson, 188 A.D.3d at 1695, 135 N.Y.S.3d 736 [internal quotation marks omitted]). The “emergency doctrine has no application where … the party seeking to invoke it has created or contributed to the emergency” (id. [internal quotation marks omitted]). Here, Davis averred that he placed a drink bottle in the center console cup holder and that, through no action on his part, the bottle fell from the cup holder to the floor of the cab, where it became lodged underneath the accelerator pedal. Nevertheless, the record also establishes that Davis was the only person in the vehicle, and defendants did not submit evidence that any other person was responsible for the alleged emergency (see id. at 1696, 135 N.Y.S.3d 736). Thus, we conclude that defendants failed to demonstrate that the emergency encountered was not of Davis’s own making, “i.e., that [Davis] did not create or contribute to it” (id.; see Sweeney v. McCormick, 159 A.D.2d 832, 833, 552 N.Y.S.2d 707 [3d Dept. 1990]).
*2 [6] [7] [8] [9]We reject defendants’ contention that the court erred in denying that part of their cross motion seeking summary judgment dismissing plaintiff’s cause of action for gross negligence and claim for punitive damages against Davis. “Because the standard for punitive damages is a strict one and punitive damages will be awarded only in exceptional cases, the conduct justifying such an award must manifest spite or malice, or a fraudulent or evil motive on the part of the defendant, or such conscious and deliberate disregard of the interests of others that the conduct may be called wilful or wanton” (Gaines v. Brydges, 198 A.D.3d 1287, 1287, 154 N.Y.S.3d 340 [4th Dept. 2021] [internal quotation marks omitted]; see Marinaccio v. Town of Clarence, 20 N.Y.3d 506, 511, 964 N.Y.S.2d 69, 986 N.E.2d 903 [2013], rearg denied 21 N.Y.3d 976, 970 N.Y.S.2d 744, 992 N.E.2d 1088 [2013]). Punitive damages may be awarded “based on intentional actions or actions which, while not intentional, amount to gross negligence, recklessness, or wantonness … or conscious disregard of the rights of others or for conduct so reckless as to amount to such disregard” (Home Ins. Co. v. American Home Prods. Corp., 75 N.Y.2d 196, 200, 551 N.Y.S.2d 481, 550 N.E.2d 930 [1990] [internal quotation marks omitted]). Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to plaintiff, as we must in the context of defendants’ cross motion (see Gaines, 198 A.D.3d at 1288, 154 N.Y.S.3d 340; see generally Branham v. Loews Orpheum Cinemas, Inc., 8 N.Y.3d 931, 932, 834 N.Y.S.2d 503, 866 N.E.2d 448 [2007]), we conclude that defendants failed to meet their initial burden of establishing entitlement to judgment as a matter of law. The record does not support defendants’ contention that Davis acted instinctively in reaching for the bottle. Davis did not aver in his affidavit that he reacted instinctively, nor did he describe how long the bottle was wedged under the accelerator before he took his eyes off of the roadway, how much time passed between when he first noticed that his accelerator pedal was compromised and when he looked down to determine the cause of the obstruction, or how long it took him to retrieve the bottle. Davis did establish, however, that he had enough time to apply the brake and begin to slow the tractor-trailer before removing his eyes from the roadway. Defendants thus failed to meet their initial burden of establishing that Davis’s conduct, specifically his decision to look for and retrieve the obstacle while the tractor-trailer was in motion—despite the fact that his brakes were in working order—did not “amount to gross negligence, recklessness, or wantonness … or conscious disregard of the rights of others” (Home Ins. Co., 75 N.Y.2d at 200, 551 N.Y.S.2d 481, 550 N.E.2d 930 [internal quotation marks omitted]; see also DiNiro v. Aspen Athletic Club, LLC, 173 A.D.3d 1789, 1790, 104 N.Y.S.3d 808 [4th Dept. 2019]; see generally Zuckerman v. City of New York, 49 N.Y.2d 557, 562, 427 N.Y.S.2d 595, 404 N.E.2d 718 [1980]). “Where different conclusions can reasonably be drawn from the evidence, the motion should be denied” (Sommer v. Federal Signal Corp., 79 N.Y.2d 540, 555, 583 N.Y.S.2d 957, 593 N.E.2d 1365 [1992]).
[10]We agree with defendants that the court erred in denying their cross motion with respect to plaintiff’s claim against Silvarole for punitive damages, and we therefore modify the order accordingly. Plaintiff seeks to hold Silvarole liable for punitive damages under a theory of vicarious liability. However, punitive damages are unavailable under such a theory absent limited circumstances not present here (see Dischiavi v. Calli, 111 A.D.3d 1258, 1261-1262, 975 N.Y.S.2d 266 [4th Dept. 2013]; O’Connor v. Kuzmicki, 14 A.D.3d 498, 499, 788 N.Y.S.2d 414 [2d Dept. 2005]).
[11] [12] [13]Finally, we reject defendants’ contention that the court erred in denying their cross motion with respect to plaintiff’s alleged comparative negligence. “[T]he question of a plaintiff’s comparative negligence almost invariably raises a factual issue for resolution by the trier of fact” (Gudenzi-Ruess v. Custom Envtl. Sys., Inc., 212 A.D.2d 952, 953, 622 N.Y.S.2d 833 [3d Dept. 1995]; see Strassburg, 203 A.D.3d at 1736, 166 N.Y.S.3d 87). Here, defendants argued that plaintiff was negligent per se because he failed to use the sidewalk that was available on the west side of the road, in violation of Vehicle and Traffic Law § 1156 (a), and failed to walk along the left side of the roadway, in violation of section 1156 (b). Although an unexcused violation of the Vehicle and Traffic Law constitutes negligence per se (see Habir v. Wilczak, 191 A.D.3d 1320, 1321, 141 N.Y.S.3d 596 [4th Dept. 2021]; Heffernan v. Logue, 40 A.D.2d 1071, 1071, 339 N.Y.S.2d 225 [4th Dept. 1972]), we conclude that defendants failed to establish that plaintiff violated those provisions of the Vehicle and Traffic Law. Section 1156 (a) requires that a pedestrian use an available sidewalk when it “may be used with safety,” and section 1156 (b) requires that a pedestrian walk along the left side of the roadway “when practicable.” Here, the evidence submitted by defendants established that plaintiff made a right-hand turn onto the road on which the accident occurred, heading northbound on the east side. The photographs submitted by defendants show that a sidewalk was available along the west side of the road, but they also demonstrate that there was no crosswalk or traffic signal that would have allowed plaintiff to safely cross to the west side before the location of the accident. Inasmuch as defendants failed to meet their initial burden by establishing prima facie that plaintiff was negligent based on his alleged violation of the relevant statutes, the court did not err in denying the cross motion with respect to plaintiff’s comparative negligence (see Allen v. Illes, 55 A.D.3d 1312, 1313, 865 N.Y.S.2d 801 [4th Dept. 2008]; see generally Zuckerman, 49 N.Y.2d at 562, 427 N.Y.S.2d 595, 404 N.E.2d 718).
All Citations
End of Document
