Court of Appeals of Michigan.
Muhamed BESIC, Plaintiff/Counterdefendant-Appellee,
v.
CITIZENS INSURANCE COMPANY OF THE MIDWEST, Defendant/Cross-Defendant-Appellee,
and
Clearwater Insurance Company, Defendant/Counterplaintiff/Cross-Plaintiff-Appellant,
and
Lincoln General Insurance Company, Defendant/Cross-Defendant-Appellee.
Docket No. 291051.
Sept. 14, 2010.
Wayne Circuit Court; LC No. 07-730094-NF.
Before: MURRAY, P.J., and DONOFRIO and GLEICHER, JJ.
PER CURIAM.
The dispute before us concerns which of three insurance companies must shoulder responsibility for payment of plaintiff Muhamed Besic’s first-party no-fault insurance benefits. In a summary disposition ruling, the circuit court imposed liability for all of Besic’s first-party benefits on defendant Clearwater Insurance Company (Clearwater), which issued plaintiff a bobtail insurance policy. Clearwater appeals as of right, and we affirm.
I. UNDERLYING FACTS & PROCEEDINGS
In January 2007, Besic, a Michigan resident, sustained personal injuries in an Ohio motor vehicle accident. At the time of the accident, Besic drove a tractor and trailer rig, hauling freight from Illinois to New York. Besic owned the tractor, registered and licensed the vehicle in Michigan, and leased it to MGR Express, Inc. (MGR) pursuant to a “Contractor Operating Agreement” (COA). The COA identified Besic Express, a corporation solely owned by Besic, as the contractor and owner of the truck; Besic testified at his deposition that he owned the truck personally. The COA contemplated that during the term of the lease, MGR would “assume all responsibility and pay for all liability insurance” for the truck “while [Besic] is operating under the terms of this Agreement,” and that Besic “has and reserves the right to contract independently for Workers’ Compensation coverage, bobtail,[] or physical damage insurance required hereunder and for health and accident or other insurance….”
MGR bought liability insurance for the truck from defendant Lincoln General Insurance Company (Lincoln). Besic purchased bobtail insurance coverage from Clearwater. Defendant Citizens Insurance Company of the Midwest (Citizens) insured Besic’s household vehicles.
In November 2007, Besic sued Citizens in the Wayne Circuit Court, seeking payment of first-party no-fault benefits related to the injuries he sustained in the Ohio accident. Besic subsequently amended his complaint to add Clearwater and Lincoln as defendants. In February 2008, Clearwater filed cross-claims against Citizens and Lincoln, requesting “reimbursement or recoupment … for the entire amounts of monies paid” by Clearwater, and asserting that Citizens and Lincoln shared “a higher order of priority to pay Michigan no-fault benefits.” The cross-claim also sought reformation of the Lincoln policy if the court determined that it “does not include an express provision for Michigan no-fault coverage….”
All parties filed motions for summary disposition. At a September 2008 hearing, the circuit court expressed on the record its finding that the
Lincoln contract, MGR contract with Muhamed Besic doesn’t require him to provide PIP coverage, and they provided liability only, so the Court will grant Lincoln’s motion for Summary Disposition….
And Clearwater’s argument under the exclusions of page two subsection C, the Court finds that none of those apply. Clearwater’s motion for Summary Disposition is denied.
In October 2008, the court entered an order granting summary disposition to Citizens and Lincoln, denying summary disposition in favor of Clearwater, and granting Besic summary disposition as to Clearwater only. Besic’s claim against Clearwater settled, and in March 2009 the circuit court dismissed the action with prejudice.
II. SUMMARY DISPOSITION STANDARD OF REVIEW
Clearwater challenges the circuit court’s summary disposition rulings, which we review de novo. Walsh v. Taylor, 263 Mich.App. 618, 621, 689 N.W.2d 506 (2004). The circuit court did not specify pursuant to what subrule of MCR 2.116(C) it found summary disposition appropriate, but a review of the record reflects that the court considered documentation beyond the pleadings, and thus made its summary disposition rulings under MCR 2.116(C)(10). Subrule (C)(10) tests a claim’s factual support. “In reviewing a motion under … (C)(10), this Court considers the pleadings, admissions, affidavits, and other relevant documentary evidence of record in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party to determine whether any genuine issue of material fact exists to warrant a trial.” Id.
III. COVERAGE OF BESIC’S FIRST-PARTY PERSONAL INJURY PROTECTION (PIP) BENEFIT CLAIM UNDER CLEARWATER’S BOBTAIL POLICY
Clearwater initially submits that its bobtail policy of insurance plainly offered only limited coverage that did not apply when Besic had an accident while under dispatch, the situation in this case. Clearwater emphasizes that the bobtail policy endorsement with respect to Michigan personal injury protection (PIP) coverage must be read in conjunction with the rest of the policy, which excludes coverage when the insured suffers injury while under motor dispatch.
When reviewing an insurance policy dispute, an appellate court looks “to the language of the insurance policy and interpret[s] the terms therein in accordance with Michigan’s well-established principles of contract construction.” Citizens Ins. Co. v. Pro-Seal Service Group, Inc., 477 Mich. 75, 82, 730 N.W.2d 682 (2007), quoting Henderson v. State Farm Fire & Cas. Co., 460 Mich. 348, 353-354, 596 N.W.2d 190 (1999).
“First, an insurance contract must be enforced in accordance with its terms. A court must not hold an insurance company liable for a risk that it did not assume. Second, a court should not create ambiguity in an insurance policy where the terms of the contract are clear and precise. Thus, the terms of a contract must be enforced as written where there is no ambiguity.” [ Citizens Ins. Co., 477 Mich. at 82, 730 N.W.2d 682, quoting Henderson, 460 Mich. at 354, 596 N.W.2d 190.]
In deciding whether an insured is entitled to insurance benefits, we employ a two-part analysis. Heniser v. Frankenmuth Mut. Ins. Co., 449 Mich. 155, 172, 534 N.W.2d 502 (1995). “First, we determine if the policy provides coverage to the insured.” Id. (internal quotation omitted). “An insurer is free to define or limit the scope of coverage as long as the policy language fairly leads to only one reasonable interpretation and is not in contravention of public policy.” Id. at 161, 534 N.W.2d 502. If the policy does supply coverage, “we then ascertain whether that coverage is negated by an exclusion. It is the insured’s burden to establish that his claim falls within the terms of the policy.” Id. at 172, 534 N.W.2d 502 (internal quotation omitted).
The Clearwater policy contains a “Certificate of Non-Trucking Automobile Liability Insurance,” which states in relevant part, “No coverage is afforded when the described vehicle(s) is (are): (1) Under motor carrier direction, control or dispatch.” The policy also incorporates an endorsement entitled “Michigan Truckers-Insurance for Non-Trucking Use,” which reads:
For the covered “auto” described in this endorsement, LIABILITY COVERAGE, Michigan Personal Injury and Property Protection coverages are changed as follows:
A. LIABILITY COVERAGE does not apply while the covered “auto” is used in the business of anyone to whom it is leased or rented if the lessee has liability insurance sufficient to pay for damages in accordance with Chapter 31 of the Michigan Code.
B. Michigan Personal Injury and Property Protection coverages do not apply to “bodily injury” or “property damage” resulting from the operation, maintenance or use of the covered “auto” in the business of anyone to whom it is leased or rented if the lessee has Michigan Personal Injury and Property Protection coverages on the “auto.” [Emphasis added.]
As discussed in greater detail in part IV, infra, the lessee of Besic’s truck, MGR, did not buy “Michigan Personal Injury and Property Protection” coverage for Besic’s truck. In light of the plain and unambiguous language of the Clearwater “Michigan Truckers-Insurance for Non-Trucking Use” endorsement, the Clearwater policy thus affords coverage. Clearwater essentially concedes this conclusion in its brief:
While [Besic] relied upon this provision as creating a duty to pay personal protection (“PIP”) benefits, the Endorsement’s language did not create such a new duty. Rather, the Endorsement’s language serves instead to limit any such duty which may otherwise exist to pay PIP benefits under the policy to those instances where PIP coverage is not available under any other policy . However, as explained, the duty to pay PIP benefits does not otherwise exist under the policy when the truck is under dispatch. [Emphasis added.]
We reject Clearwater’s contention that because the policy language in general excludes coverage while the truck is under dispatch, the endorsement should be similarly construed. “[E]ndorsements often are issued to specifically grant certain coverage or remove the effect of particular exclusions. Thus, such an endorsement will supersede the terms of the exclusion in question .” 4 Holmes’ Appleman on Insurance (2d ed), § 20.1, p.156. “When a conflict arises between the terms of an endorsement and the form provisions of an insurance contract, the terms of the endorsement prevail.” Hawkeye-Security Ins. Co. v. Vector Constr. Co., 185 Mich.App. 369, 380, 460 N.W.2d 329 (1990). “[E]ndorsements by their very nature are designed to trump general policy provisions, and where a conflict exists between provisions in the main policy and the endorsement, the endorsement prevails.” Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co. v. Schmidt, 307 F.Supp 2d 674, 677 (W.D.Pa., 2004). Here, the Clearwater endorsement unambiguously extended no-fault coverage under the existing circumstances, in which no-fault PIP coverage was otherwise unavailable under the Lincoln policy.
Moreover, the Clearwater bobtail policy also included an endorsement for Michigan PIP benefits. An endorsement entitled “Michigan Personal Injury Protection” sets forth in pertinent part the following:
A. Coverage
We will pay personal injury protection benefits to or for an “insured” who sustains “bodily injury” caused by an “accident” and resulting from the ownership, maintenance or use of an “auto” as an “auto.” These benefits are subject to the provisions of Chapter 31 of the Michigan Insurance Code….
In straightforward fashion, the terms of the Clearwater PIP endorsement apply to the basic facts of Besic’s January 2007 accident in Ohio.
We conclude that on the issue of liability for Besic’s PIP benefits, the circuit court properly (1) denied Clearwater summary disposition, (2) granted Besic summary disposition with respect to Clearwater, and (3) granted summary disposition to Citizens and Lincoln, pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(10).
IV. APPLICABILITY OF LINCOLN POLICY TO BESIC’S CLAIM FOR PIP BENEFITS
Clearwater next maintains that even if the Lincoln policy covering Besic’s truck does not “on its face” extend PIP coverage, this Court should imply PIP coverage under the Lincoln policy because Michigan law mandates that all insurance companies doing business in Michigan include PIP benefits in all automobile insurance policies. According to Clearwater, the Lincoln policy contemplates no-fault coverage in a policy section detailing “out of state coverage extensions.” Clearwater alternatively urges that, if this Court interprets the Lincoln policy language as inapplicable to the present circumstances, we should reform Lincoln’s policy to offer Besic Michigan no-fault PIP benefits.
Clearwater relies on the following italicized policy language, found in the Truckers Coverage Form, Liability Coverage section, in support of its position that the Lincoln policy covered Besic’s no-fault PIP expenses:
SECTION II-LIABILITY COVERAGE
A. Coverage
We will pay all sums an “insured” legally must pay as damages because of “bodily injury” or “property damage” to which this insurance applies, caused by an “accident” and resulting from the ownership, maintenance or use of a covered “auto.”
* * *
2. Coverage Extensions
a. Supplementary Payments
We will pay for the “insured”:
(1) All expenses we incur.
(2) Up to $2000 for the cost of bail bonds (including bonds for related traffic law violations) required because of an “accident” we cover. We do not have to furnish these bonds.
(3) The cost of bonds to release attachments in any “suit” against the “insured” we defend, but only for bond amounts within our Limit of insurance.
(4) All reasonable expenses incurred by the “insured” at our request, including actual loss of earnings up to $250 a day because of time off from work.
(5) All costs taxed against the “insured” in any “suit” against the “insured” we defend.
(6) All interest on the full amount of any judgment that accrues after entry of the judgment in any “suit” against the “insured” we defend; but our duty to pay interest ends when we have paid, offered to pay or deposited in court the part of the judgment that is within our Limit of Insurance.
b. Out-of-State Coverage Extensions
While a covered “auto” is away from the state where it is licensed we will:
(1) Increase the Limit of Insurance for Liability Coverage to meet the limit specified by a compulsory or financial responsibility law of the jurisdiction where the covered “auto” is being used….
(2) Provide the minimum amounts and types of other coverages, such as no-fault, required of out-of-state vehicles by the jurisdiction where the covered “auto ” is being used. [Emphasis added.]
The emphasized language does not apply in this case because at the time of the accident Besic undisputedly was using the covered “auto” in Ohio, a state that does not have a no-fault liability scheme. Most likely, this section of the Lincoln policy enabled the coverage to comply with laws such as MCL 500.3163, which contains the following relevant language:
(1) An insurer authorized to transact automobile liability insurance and personal and property protection insurance in this state shall file and maintain a written certification that any accidental bodily injury or property damage occurring in this state arising from the ownership, operation, maintenance, or use of a motor vehicle as a motor vehicle by an out-of-state resident who is insured under its automobile liability insurance policies, is subject to the personal and property protection insurance system under this act.
If Besic had been an Ohio resident injured in a Michigan crash, MCL 500.3163(1) and the “out-of-state-coverage extensions” would have compelled Lincoln to supply first-party no-fault PIP coverage. However, neither the statute nor the Lincoln policy language applies when a Michigan resident suffers a vehicle-related injury in Ohio.
Nor did Lincoln have any statutory obligation to incorporate no-fault PIP coverage into the policy it sold to MGR. Clearwater correctly observes that “[w]here an automobile insurance policy contains an exclusionary clause that was not contemplated by the Legislature, that clause is invalid and unenforceable.” Universal Underwriters Ins. Co. v. State Farm Automobile Ins. Co., 172 Mich.App. 342, 346, 431 N.W.2d 255 (1988). But Lincoln sold the policy at issue to MGR in Illinois, and not to Besic in Michigan. Furthermore, “[t]he requirements for a motor vehicle liability policy may be fulfilled by the policies of more than one insurance carrier.” State Farm Mut. Automobile Ins. Co. v. Auto-Owners Ins. Co., 173 Mich.App. 51, 55, 433 N.W.2d 323 (1988). Because the Clearwater policy supplied no-fault PIP coverage for the injuries Besic endured in his January 2007 accident, no basis exists for reforming the Lincoln policy to similarly provide such coverage.
V. REIMBURSEMENT FOR PIP BENEFITS PAID BY CLEARWATER
Clearwater lastly avers that pursuant to MCL 500.3114, Citizens, the insurer of Besic’s personal vehicles, shares responsibility to pay Besic incurred no-fault PIP benefits. In Clearwater’s view, Citizens stands within the same order of priority as Clearwater, and thus Clearwater should receive a pro rata reimbursement for the first-party no-fault benefits it has paid Besic.
“To determine the priority of insurers liable for [no-fault personal protection] benefits, the claimant must look to § 3114, MCL 500.3114.” Auto-Owners Ins. Co. v. State Farm Mut. Automobile Ins. Co., 187 Mich.App. 617, 619, 468 N.W.2d 317 (1991). The pertinent sections of MCL 500.3114 instruct as follows:
(1) Except as provided in subsections (2), (3), and (5), a personal protection insurance policy described in section 3101(1) applies to accidental bodily injury to the person named in the policy, the person’s spouse, and a relative of either domiciled in the same household, if the injury arises from a motor vehicle accident….
* * *
(3) An employee, his or her spouse, or a relative of either domiciled in the same household, who suffers accidental bodily injury while an occupant of a motor vehicle owned or registered by the employer, shall receive personal protection insurance benefits to which the employee is entitled from the insurer of the furnished vehicle.
MCL 500.3101(1) states, in relevant part:
The owner or registrant of a motor vehicle required to be registered in this state shall maintain security for payment of benefits under personal protection insurance, property protection insurance, and residual liability insurance. Security shall only be required to be in effect during the period the motor vehicle is driven or moved upon a highway….
In Celina Mut. Ins. Co. v. Lake States Ins. Co., 452 Mich. 84, 89, 549 N.W.2d 834 (1996), the Supreme Court held that
it is most consistent with the purposes of the no-fault statute to apply § 3114(3) in the case of injuries to a self-employed person. The cases interpreting that section have given it a broad reading designed to allocate the cost of injuries resulting from use of business vehicles to the business involved through the premiums it pays for insurance.
The Supreme Court explained that
requiring both insurers to contribute to the payment of benefits would run contrary to the overall goal of the no-fault insurance system, which is designed to provide victims with assured, adequate, and prompt reparations at the lowest cost to both the individuals and the no-fault system. Splitting the obligation to pay would result in duplicative administrative costs, by requiring several insurers to adjust a single claim. [Id.]
In State Farm Mut. Automobile Ins. Co. v. Sentry Ins., 91 Mich.App. 109, 114-115, 283 N.W.2d 661 (1979), this Court set forth the same rationale later adopted in Celina:
The exceptions in § 3114(2) and (3) relate to “commercial” situations. It was apparently the intent of the Legislature to place the burden of providing no-fault benefits on the insurers of these motor vehicles, rather than on the insurers of the injured individual. This scheme allows for predictability; coverage in the “commercial” setting will not depend on whether the injured individual is covered under another policy. A company issuing insurance covering a motor vehicle to be used in a(2) or (3) situation will know in advance the scope of the risk it is insuring. The benefits will be speedily paid without requiring a suit to determine which of the two companies will pay what is admittedly due by one of them….
Here, Besic owned the truck and worked as a self-employed independent contractor for MGR. Consistent with the Michigan Supreme Court’s analysis in Celina Mut. Ins. Co., 452 Mich. at 89, 549 N.W.2d 834, the priority language in MCL 500.3114(3) extends to the self-employment situation of Besic. With respect to the additional language comprising MCL 500.3114(3), Besic suffered “accidental bodily injury while an occupant of a motor vehicle owned or registered by [his] employer,” given that MRG had leased Besic’s truck. MCL 500.3101(h) (defining “owner” as “[a] person renting a motor vehicle or having the use thereof, under a lease or otherwise for a period that is greater than 30 days”). Because MCL 500.3114(3) applies to the undisputed facts of this case, subsection (3) dictates that Besic “shall receive personal protection insurance benefits to which … [he] is entitled from the insurer of the furnished vehicle.” In light of the fact that only Clearwater extended personal protection insurance benefits to the truck involved in Besic’s accident, it has first priority to pay Besic’s first-party benefits.
Clearwater suggests that Smith v. Continental Western Ins. Co., 169 F.Supp 2d 687 (E.D.Mich., 2001), compels a different result. In Smith, id. at 689, the plaintiff owned a tractor registered in Indiana, and sustained personal injuries in a Michigan accident. The plaintiff sought PIP benefits, and sued (1) the insurer for the company “with whom [the p]laintiff had long-term lease to haul; (2) the short-term lessor for whom [the p]laintiff hauled on the day of the accident; and (3) the company” that provided bobtail coverage for the tractor. Id. The federal district court ruled that although Michigan’s no-fault act applied, none of the defendants bore responsibility for paying no-fault benefits because the plaintiff’s personal insurer occupied a higher priority. Id. at 689-694. In reaching its decision, the district court expressly and repeatedly disclaimed any consideration of MCL 500.3114(3), the controlling insurer priority provision here. Id. at 694 n. 3, 695. Therefore, Smith is readily distinguishable from the instant case.
Finally, Clearwater asserts in its reply brief that “there is no record to support which entity may be properly identified as [Besic’s] employer: Besic Express, Inc. or MGR Express, Inc., or both.” This potential distinction among employers is immaterial. In light of the undisputed fact that Besic was self-employed at the time of the accident, Celina Mut. Ins. Co., 452 Mich. at 89, 549 N.W.2d 834, and MCL 500.3114(3) remain the controlling authorities.
Affirmed. Costs to Citizens and Lincoln as the prevailing parties. MCR 7.219(A).
“Generally, a ‘bobtail’ policy is a policy that insures the tractor and driver of a rig when it is operated without cargo or a trailer.” Integral Ins. Co. v. Maersk Container Service Co., Inc. ., 206 Mich.App. 325, 331, 520 N.W.2d 656 (1994).
The appellate brief prepared by Citizens represents that Clearwater paid Besic $175,000 in settlement and continues to pay him personal injury protection (PIP) benefits. Besic has not filed a brief on appeal.
In any event, this Court is “not bound to follow a federal court’s interpretation of state law….” Doe v. Young Marines of Marine Corps. League, 277 Mich.App. 391, 399, 745 N.W.2d 168 (2007).
