CHRISTOPHER RYAN CUNNINGHAM, APPELLANT v. KROGER LIMITED PARTNERSHIP I, APPELLEE
Notice: PLEASE REFER TO THE KENTUCKY RULES REGARDING FINALITY OF OPINIONS.
TO BE PUBLISHED. [UNLESS OTHERWISE ORDERED BY THE KENTUCKY SUPREME COURT, OPINIONS DESIGNATED “TO BE PUBLISHED” BY THE COURT OF APPEALS ARE NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IF DISCRETIONARY REVIEW IS PENDING, IF DISCRETIONARY REVIEW IS GRANTED, OR IF ORDERED NOT TO BE PUBLISHED BY THE COURT WHEN DENYING THE MOTION FOR DISCRETIONARY REVIEW OR GRANTING WITHDRAWAL OF THE MOTION.]
Prior History: [*1] APPEAL FROM BOYLE CIRCUIT COURT. HONORABLE DARREN W. PECKLER, JUDGE. ACTION NO. 19-CI-00347.
HOLDINGS: [1]-The trial court granted summary judgment to the grocery store limited liability company as an up-the-ladder employer who was immune from suit under Ky. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 342.610(2)(b) of the Workers’ Compensation Act because, although the grocery store was not a signatory to the contract between the delivery company and the dairy producer, when the dairy producer contracted with the delivery company, it did so as a representative and for the benefit of the grocery store. The contract between the delivery company and the dairy producer facilitated the delivery of milk to the grocery store and were linked at the corporate level by their relations to the overall company, and the contract with the delivery company was in furtherance of their joint business interests of selling dairy products to the public.
In reviewing a grant of summary judgment, an appellate court’s inquiry focuses on whether the trial court correctly found that there were no genuine issues as to any material fact and that the moving party was entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Ky. R. Civ. P. 56.03. The trial court must view the record in a light most favorable to the party opposing the motion for summary judgment and all doubts are to be resolved in his favor. On the other hand, a party opposing a properly supported summary judgment motion cannot defeat it without presenting at least some affirmative evidence showing that there is a genuine issue of material fact for trial. An appellate court need not defer to the trial court’s decision on summary judgment and will review the issue de novo because only legal questions and no factual findings are involved.
Kentucky’s Workers’ Compensation Act contains an exclusive liability provision, which states that, if an employer secures payment of compensation as required by this chapter, the liability of such employer under this chapter shall be exclusive and in place of all other liability of such employer to the employee. Ky. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 342.690(1). Consequently, the injured worker is not entitled to tort damages from the employer or its employees for work-related injuries. For purposes of invoking this immunity, the term “employer” includes contractors as defined in the Act.
If a defendant qualifies as a contractor, it has no liability in tort to an injured employee of a subcontractor. In other words, tort immunity under Kentucky’s Workers’ Compensation Act extends up the ladder from the subcontractor that employs an injured person to the entities that contracted with the subcontractor, so long as the injured person’s employer has workers’ compensation coverage, and the up the ladder entities contracted to have work performed of a kind which is a regular or recurrent part of the work of their business.
A defendant seeking to assert exclusive remedy immunity must both plead and prove the affirmative defense. Even when the underlying facts are undisputed, a conclusion that a defendant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law must be supported with substantial evidence that a defendant was the injured worker’s statutory employer under a correct interpretation of Ky. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 342.610(2)(b).
Regarding tort immunity under Kentucky’s Workers’ Compensation Act, what is required is a showing that the defendant is effectively functioning as the contractor even if the evidence would not establish a binding contract for purposes of a breach of contract action, for instance. The term “contract” is construed broadly in this context to ensure that workers’ compensation coverage is provided allowing injured workers to recover benefits quickly without having to show fault.
Persons or entities who engage another to perform a part of the work which is a recurrent part of their business, trade, or occupation are considered contractors under Kentucky’s Workers’ Compensation Act even if they never perform that type of work with their own employees.
Under Kentucky’s Workers’ Compensation Act, the purpose of Ky. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 342.610(2)(b) is not to shield owners or contractors from potential tort liability but to assure that contractors and subcontractors provide workers’ compensation coverage. In order to achieve this goal, precedent demands a highly fact-specific approach to assessing statutory immunity. This entails looking beyond formal corporate structures to the actual functional interaction of the parties.
Counsel: BRIEFS FOR APPELLANT: Albert B. McQueen, Jr., Lexington, Kentucky.
BRIEF FOR APPELLEE: Angela M. Call, Allyson S. Cave, Campbellsville, Kentucky.
Judges: BEFORE: CLAYTON, CHIEF JUDGE; CETRULO AND GOODWINE, JUDGES. ALL CONCUR.
Opinion by: CLAYTON
Opinion
OPINION AFFIRMING
CLAYTON, CHIEF JUDGE: Christopher Ryan Cunningham appeals from a Boyle Circuit Court order granting summary judgment to Kroger Limited Partnership I (“KLP I”). KLP I owns and operates a Kroger grocery store in Danville, Kentucky. Cunningham, a truck driver employed by Penske Logistics, LLC, was injured while making a delivery to the store. At issue is whether, under the Kentucky Workers’ Compensation Act, KLP I is immune from suit as an up-the-ladder employer. Having reviewed the record, the appellant’s arguments, and the applicable law, we affirm.
In 2014, Penske entered into a Carrier Services Agreement (“Agreement”) with Kroger Limited Partnership II (“KLP II”). The latter entity is described in the Agreement as “an Ohio limited partnership on behalf of Winchester Farms Dairy, a manufacturing facility[.]” Under the terms of the Agreement, Penske agreed to [*2] accept KLP II’s “freight tendered to it by third parties for delivery to [KLP II’s] facilities and to the facilities of all divisions, subsidiaries or affiliates of [KLP II], whether owned or leased.” Penske further agreed to “load, unload (if applicable) and deliver the freight promptly and efficiently and strictly in accordance with the terms of [the] Agreement.”
According to the affidavit of Erik B. Lutson, an insured litigation paralegal in the law department of The Kroger Company, KLP II is a subsidiary of The Kroger Company, which in turn is a limited partner of KLP I.
According to the affidavits of Greg Dean, the store manager of KLP I, the Danville store received approximately four Kroger warehouse deliveries of retail merchandise per day, six days per week, and two warehouse deliveries of merchandise one day per week. Of these deliveries, approximately four came from Winchester Farms Dairy. When the store needed more dairy products, Dean would enter an order through the store’s computer assisted ordering system which submitted an order directly to Winchester Farms Dairy. When the truck with the order arrived at the store, KLP I employees would meet the driver at the back door, [*3] aid in unloading the truck, and direct the driver in the delivery of the goods.
In his deposition, Cunningham testified that he delivered goods to the Save A Lot distribution center “a couple of times,” but the majority of his work for Penske consisted of delivering milk from KLP II to Kroger grocery stores.
On September 24, 2018, Cunningham was injured when a dock door fell on him while he was delivering dairy products from KLP II to the Danville Kroger. Cunningham filed a workers’ compensation claim against Penske, and received medical expenses of $30,334.61, temporary total disability benefits of $29,482.42, and a lump sum payment of $33,000.
Cunningham filed suit against KLP I, alleging negligence and seeking damages for medical expenses, lost wages, and pain and suffering. Following the exchange of written discovery and the taking of Cunningham’s deposition, the trial court granted summary judgment to KLP I as an up-the-ladder employer who was immune from suit under the Workers’ Compensation Act. This appeal by Cunningham followed.
In reviewing a grant of summary judgment, our inquiry focuses on “whether the trial court correctly found that there were no genuine issues as to any material [*4] fact and that the moving party was entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Scifres v. Kraft, 916 S.W.2d 779, 781, 43 1 Ky. L. Summary 17 (Ky. App. 1996); Kentucky Rules of Civil Procedure (“CR”) 56.03. The trial court must view the record “in a light most favorable to the party opposing the motion for summary judgment and all doubts are to be resolved in his favor.” Steelvest, Inc. v. Scansteel Service Center, Inc., 807 S.W.2d 476, 480 (Ky. 1991). On the other hand, “a party opposing a properly supported summary judgment motion cannot defeat it without presenting at least some affirmative evidence showing that there is a genuine issue of material fact for trial.” Id. at 482. “An appellate court need not defer to the trial court’s decision on summary judgment and will review the issue de novo because only legal questions and no factual findings are involved.” Hallahan v. The Courier-Journal, 138 S.W.3d 699, 705 (Ky. App. 2004).
Kentucky’s Workers’ Compensation Act contains an exclusive liability provision, which states that “[i]f an employer secures payment of compensation as required by this chapter, the liability of such employer under this chapter shall be exclusive and in place of all other liability of such employer to the employee[.]” Kentucky Revised Statutes (“KRS”) 342.690(1). Consequently, “[t]he injured worker is not entitled to tort damages from the employer or its employees for work-related injuries.” Beaver v. Oakley, 279 S.W.3d 527, 530 (Ky. 2009).
For purposes of invoking this immunity, the term “employer” includes “contractors” as defined [*5] in the Act. It states: “A person who contracts with another . . . [t]o have work performed of a kind which is a regular or recurrent part of the work of the trade, business, occupation, or profession of such person shall for the purposes of this section be deemed a contractor, and such other person a subcontractor.” KRS 342.610(2)(b).
Thus, “[i]f a defendant qualifies as a contractor, ‘it has no liability in tort to an injured employee of a subcontractor.’” Cabrera v. JBS USA, LLC, 568 S.W.3d 865, 869 (Ky. App. 2019) (quoting Fireman’s Fund Ins. Co. v. Sherman & Fletcher, 705 S.W.2d 459, 461 (Ky. 1986)). “In other words, tort immunity under the Act extends ‘up the ladder’ from the subcontractor that employs an injured person to the entities that contracted with the subcontractor, so long as the injured person’s employer has workers’ compensation coverage, and the up the ladder entities contracted ‘to have work performed of a kind which is a regular or recurrent part of the work’ of their business.” Id. (citation omitted).
A defendant seeking to assert exclusive remedy immunity “must both plead and prove the affirmative defense. Even when the underlying facts are undisputed, a conclusion that a defendant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law must be supported with substantial evidence that a defendant was the injured worker’s statutory [*6] employer under a correct interpretation of KRS 342.610(2)(b).” General Elec. Co. v. Cain, 236 S.W.3d 579, 585 (Ky. 2007), as corrected (Aug. 30, 2007), as modified on denial of reh’g (Nov. 21, 2007).
Cunningham argues that KLP I is not entitled to up-the-ladder immunity because it is a distinct legal entity from KLP II, and they operate distinct businesses. He concedes that KLP II, the dairy manufacturer, is likely entitled to “up-the-ladder immunity” as a direct contractor with Penske and hence with Cunningham. By contrast, he contends, KLP I is not an “up-the-ladder” employer because it was not a party to the contract between Penske and KLP II, nor was Penske hired to perform work for KLP I. Affording immunity to KLP I is, in his view, an unwarranted horizontal expansion of immunity to encompass a sibling entity, as opposed to a parent.
In granting summary judgment to KLP I, the trial court relied on Cabrera, supra, in which this Court addressed the meaning of two key elements of KRS 342.610(2)(b): (1) what constitutes a contract and (2) what constitutes a regular or recurrent part of the work, for purposes of invoking up-the-ladder immunity.
Cabrera was injured while performing sanitation services at a pork processing facility jointly operated by JBS and Swift Pork. Cabrera’s direct employer [*7] was Packers Sanitation Services, which had a written contract with JBS to perform the sanitation services at the facility. Swift was the owner of the pork processing facility and a wholly-owned subsidiary of JBS. It was not a signatory to the contract with Packers. Swift and JBS shared the same chief executive officer, board of directors, and corporate headquarters. Cabrera, 568 S.W.3d at 871.
Cabrera argued that Swift was not entitled to immunity because it never employed him directly and was not a party to the contract with his employer, Packers Sanitation. The Court rejected these arguments, because the Workers’ Compensation Act “does not demand evidence of formal written contracts between a defendant [Swift] and the plaintiff’s direct employer [Packers] for the defendant to have up-the-ladder immunity[.]” Id. at 870 (quoting Beaver, 279 S.W.3d at 534). injured workers to recover benefits quickly without having to show fault.” Id. (quoting Beaver, 279 S.W.3d at 535).
The Court held that what was necessary to demonstrate that Swift was effectively functioning as a contractor was “that when JBS contracted with Packers, it did so as a representative and for the benefit of Swift Pork” and that Swift’s “omission from that contract was merely a facet of the financial arrangement between Swift and JBS.” Id. at 870-71.
Applying this test, the Court concluded that JBS was acting as Swift Pork’s representative and for Swift Pork’s benefit when it entered into the Packers contract, because it benefitted the joint business operations of JBS and Swift Pork, and JBS was effectively representing Swift Pork’s interests by hiring Packers to clean the pork processing facility they jointly operated. Id. at 871.
As to the other element of KRS 342.610(2)(b), which requires a showing that the work contracted for was a regular or recurrent part of the business, Cabrera argued that, notwithstanding Packers Sanitation’s contract with JBS, JBS was not an up-the-ladder employer because there was no evidence that JBS employees were trained to perform or ever did perform sanitation services at the pork processing facility. The [*9] Court disagreed, stating:
whether JBS employees ever performed this type of work with its own employees or had employees skilled enough or trained to do it is not dispositive of this issue. Persons or entities who engage another to perform a part of the work which is a recurrent part of their business, trade, or occupation are considered “contractors” under the Act even if they never perform that type of work with their own employees.
Cabrera, 568 S.W.2d at 869-70.
The Court concluded that JBS was an up-the-ladder employer because the sanitation services Cabrera was performing were mandated by federal law for meat processing facilities and were consequently a recurrent and regular part of JBS’s business. Id. at 870.
If we apply these principles to the case before us, we conclude that the trial court correctly granted summary judgment to KLP I.
First, although KLP I was not a signatory to the contract between Penske and KLP II, when KLP II contracted with Penske, it did so as a representative and for the benefit of KLP I. The contract between Penske and the dairy producer facilitated the delivery of milk to the Kroger grocery store, as evidenced by the regular deliveries to the store and the store manager’s ability to order more [*10] products via the computer assisted ordering system between KLP I and KLP II. KLP I and KLP II, like Swift and JBS, were linked at the corporate level by their relations to The Kroger Company, and the contract with Penske was in furtherance of their joint business interests of selling dairy products to the public.
Cunningham disputes this conclusion, relying on Becht v. Owens Corning Fiberglas Corporation, 196 F.3d 650, 652 (6th Cir. 1999), which distinguished between subsidiaries and divisions for purposes of up-the-ladder immunity. In Becht, the claimant was injured while working for OCSC and it was disputed whether OCSC was a subsidiary or a division of Owens-Corning. The Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals explained that “if OCSC, the entity that employed Becht, is a subsidiary, rather than a division, of Owens-Corning, then Owens-Corning would not be immune from tort liability based on the immunity of the subsidiary. Conversely, if OCSC is a division of Owens-Corning, then Owens-Corning would be immune from suit based on the workers’ compensation exclusive remedy provision.” Id. at 654 (citation omitted).
In drawing this distinction, Becht relied on an earlier opinion, Boggs v. Blue Diamond Coal Company, 590 F.2d 655, 663 (6th Cir. 1979), which held that there is no contractual relationship between a principal and subsidiary, and consequently no up-the-ladder [*11] immunity. The opinion states: “[T]he ‘functional relationship’ between a parent and a subsidiary is not a contractual relationship. The expectations of the parties are not based on mutual promises, consideration or consent, for one party owns and has custody of the other party. The relationship between parent and subsidiary is based upon the status of the parties and is more like the relationship between parent and child, warden and prisoner, and other similar relationships. The relationship is not based upon the bargaining power of the parties.” Id. at 661.
This view of the parent and subsidiary relationship has been modified by the more flexible approach adopted in our recent case law. As we have previously discussed, in Cabrera, this Court held that Swift, a wholly-owned subsidiary of JBS, did have up-the-ladder immunity even though Swift was not a signatory to the JBS-Packers contract.
Second, the work being performed by Penske/Cunningham was a regular and recurrent part of KLP I’s business as a retail grocery store; deliveries were made on a recurrent basis in order to keep the grocery store stocked with milk and KLP I’s own employees routinely engaged in receiving and unloading the deliveries made [*12] by Cunningham. On the basis of the evidence in the record, the delivery and unloading of dairy products was a regular and recurrent part of the business of the retail grocery store.
Cunningham disputes this conclusion, relying on Olmstead v. Shakespeare, 354 S.C. 421, 581 S.E.2d 483 (S.C. 2003), in which a manufacturer of fiberglass poles hired a common carrier to ship the finished product to a customer in another state. The driver was injured loading the poles onto the truck at the manufacturer’s warehouse. Under South Carolina law, the manufacturer was entitled to up-the-ladder immunity upon a finding that the common carrier “engaged in activity that is part of [the owner’s] trade, business, or occupation.” Id. at 485. The South Carolina Supreme Court held “the fact that it was important to [the manufacturer] to deliver its finished product to its customer in order to consummate a sale does not render the delivery of its products an important part of its business for purposes of statutory employment.” Id. at 485-86. The Court cautioned that the transportation of goods by a common carrier alone, without something more, does not qualify as “part of [the owner’s] trade, business, or occupation[.]” Id. at 486.
Olmstead is not binding precedent in Kentucky and, in any event, is distinguishable, [*13] as Cunningham’s case involves more than the transportation of goods by a common carrier. KLP I and KLP II had an ongoing business relationship involving the recurrent and regular ordering and delivery of grocery products by Penske, to the mutual benefit of KLP I and KLP II.
Cunningham’s situation is directly analogous to that of the delivery truck driver in Black v. Dixie Consumer Products LLC, 835 F.3d 579 (6th Cir. 2016). Black was a trucker employed by Western Express, which had a contract to deliver raw paper to Dixie, a manufacturer of paper cups and plates. Black was injured during the unloading process at the factory. Dixie sought immunity on the grounds that Black’s work was not a customary, usual, or normal part of Dixie’s business, was not work that Dixie repeated with regularity, or work that Dixie or similar businesses normally performed or expected to perform with employees. Id. at 585.
The Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals disagreed. It observed that the delivery of raw paper materials to Dixie occurred on a regular or recurrent basis, with Dixie receiving as many as fifty truck shipments of these materials during a typical week. Id. “Unless Dixie entered the business of producing raw paper . . . , it necessarily needed to receive and unload regular [*14] deliveries of raw paper.” Id. at 585-86. Further, the evidence showed that Dixie was responsible for unloading the product out of the truck and other evidence was offered that similar manufacturers utilize private fleets of trucks to make similar deliveries. “Even though Dixie may never perform that particular job with [its] own employees, [it] is still a contractor if the job is one that is usually a regular or recurrent part of [its] trade or occupation.” Id. at 586 (citing Fireman’s Fund, 705 S.W.2d at 462) (internal quotation marks omitted).
It is undisputed that KLP I received regular shipments of dairy products from KLP II which KLP I was incapable of producing itself and which had to be received and unloaded in order to conduct its retail grocery business. The evidence was also undisputed that KLP I’s own employees actually directed and assisted in the unloading of the deliveries. Penske’s deliveries were an integral part of the business of running the grocery store and indisputably meet the standard of KRS 342.610(2)(b).
Cunningham also raises significant policy concerns, arguing that the immunity provisions of the Workers’ Compensation Act should be narrowly construed as they are in derogation of common law rights. He contends that, but for the corporate [*15] kinship existing between KLP I and KLP II, the present case would be indistinguishable from a traditional third-party tort claim, such as that in Wallingford v. Kroger Company, 761 S.W.2d 621 (Ky. App. 1988), which involved a delivery truck driver for Coca Cola who slipped and fell on an icy ramp at a Kroger store. The case addressed whether he was an invitee for purposes of tort liability and whether Kroger owed him a legal duty of care. No mention is made of a workers’ compensation immunity defense for Kroger. But if Wallingford had been an employee of a carrier which had a contract with a corporate relative of the Kroger store, to perform the kind of work which was a regular or recurrent part of the business, Kroger may well have pled the defense of statutory immunity.
Cunningham argues that defendants are improperly using complex corporate structures to evade tort liability and are engaging in defensive piercing of the corporate veil to shield up-the-ladder entities. fact-specific approach to assessing statutory immunity. This entails looking beyond formal corporate structures to the actual functional interaction of the parties. The trial court appropriately adopted this method.
For the foregoing reasons, the summary judgment of the Boyle Circuit Court is affirmed.
September 14, 2021, Argued and Submitted; March 24, 2022, Decided
SC S068179
Reporter
2022 Ore. LEXIS 214 *; 369 Ore. 384
In the Matter of the Compensation of Carl S. Ward, Claimant. SAIF CORPORATION and Robert S. Murray, Petitioners on Review, v. Carl S. WARD, Respondent on Review.
Prior History: WCB 17-03591. CA A171025. On review from the Court of Appeals. [*1] *
SAIF Corp. v. Ward (In re Ward), 307 Ore. App. 337, 477 P.3d 429, 2020 Ore. App. LEXIS 1239 (Oct. 21, 2020)
Disposition: The decision of the Court of Appeals and the order of the Workers’ Compensation Board are affirmed.
HOLDINGS: [1]-Workers’ compensation claimant was a “subject worker” who did not qualify for the exemption in Or. Rev. Stat. § 656.027(15)(c) and was entitled to workers’ compensation coverage because, although the agreement between claimant and the truck owner purported to be a “lease” by its title, it did not confer any interest in the leased vehicle beyond the authority to use it in the owner’s service and direction; without a sufficient leasehold interest, claimant was a subject worker and was entitled to workers’ compensation benefits; [2]-The subject worker exemption in Or. Rev. Stat. § 656.027(15) required an ownership or leasehold interest that would allow the lessee sufficient authority or control over the equipment to possess and use, or furnish, that equipment in some way other than in service of the lessor.
Outcome
The judgment was affirmed.
LexisNexis® Headnotes
Business & Corporate Compliance > … > Commercial Drivers & Vehicles > Transportation Law > Commercial Vehicles
Transportation, Commercial Drivers & Vehicles
Or. Rev. Stat. § 656.027(15) requires a leasehold interest that exceeds the right to furnish the equipment to the carrier such that the driver has a right to possess, use, and control the equipment for purposes other than providing it to the carrier.
Business & Corporate Compliance > … > Commercial Drivers & Vehicles > Transportation Law > Commercial Vehicles
A “subject worker” is a worker who is subject to the workers’ compensation statutes. Former Or. Rev. Stat. § 656.005(28) (2019). There are two steps involved to determine whether an individual qualifies as a “subject worker.” The first step is to determine whether the individual qualifies as a worker. Under § 656.005(30), a “worker” is any person, including a minor whether lawfully or unlawfully employed, who engages to furnish services for a renumeration, subject to the direction and control of an employer. If an individual does not meet the definition of a “worker” in that statute, then the inquiry ends and that individual is not subject to the workers’ compensation laws.
Business & Corporate Compliance > … > Commercial Drivers & Vehicles > Transportation Law > Commercial Vehicles
Transportation, Commercial Drivers & Vehicles
The second step of the analysis to determine whether an individual qualifies as a “subject worker requires a determination about whether a worker is subject to the workers’ compensation laws. As a general rule, all workers are considered subject workers, unless an exemption applies. Or. Rev. Stat. § 656.027. Section 656.027(15) identifies a nonsubject worker as a person who has an ownership or leasehold interest in equipment and who furnishes, maintains and operates the equipment.
Governments > Legislation > Interpretation
Legislation, Interpretation
When interpreting statutory provisions, the primary goal as a court is to determine the intent of the legislature at the time it enacted the relevant statute. To determine the intent of the legislature, an appellate court looks to the text, context, and any helpful legislative history of the statute in question, keeping in mind that there is no more persuasive evidence of the intent of the legislature than the words by which the legislature undertook to give expression to its wishes. The context of a statute includes other provisions of the same statute and related statutes, as well as the preexisting common law and the statutory framework within which the statute was enacted.
Governments > Legislation > Interpretation
Legislation, Interpretation
When interpreting a term or phrase that the legislature has not specifically defined, an appellate court first considers the plain, natural, and ordinary meaning of the term. To determine the plain, natural, and ordinary meaning of an undefined term, the appellate court will frequently consider how the term is defined in the dictionary, operating on the assumption that, if the legislature did not give the term a specialized definition, the dictionary definition reflects the meaning that the legislature would have intended.
Governments > Legislation > Interpretation
Legislation, Interpretation
When a phrase is a term of art, drawn from a specialized field, courts look to the meaning and usage of those terms in the discipline from which the legislature borrowed them.
Business & Corporate Compliance > … > Transportation Law > Carrier Duties & Liabilities > State & Local Regulation
Common Carrier Duties & Liabilities, State & Local Regulation
Under the Oregon Department of Transportation, Motor Carrier Transportation Division’s own regulations, a lease must convey exclusive possession, use, and control of the leased vehicle. Or. Admin. R. 740-045-0100(2)(c).
Governments > Legislation > Interpretation
Legislation, Interpretation
As a general rule, when an appellate court interprets a statute to determine what the legislature intended, it attempts to do so in a manner that gives effect to all of the provisions of the statute where possible. Said another way, when construing a statute to determine the intent of the legislature, the appellate court will generally attempt to avoid a statutory construction that creates redundancy in the way that the statute is read.
Governments > Legislation > Interpretation
Legislation, Interpretation
When evaluating the text of a statute and interpreting what the legislature intended when it enacted that provision, an appellate court seeks to give effect to every word, where possible.
Business & Corporate Compliance > … > Commercial Drivers & Vehicles > Transportation Law > Commercial Vehicles
Transportation, Commercial Drivers & Vehicles
In a lease agreement, restrictions on use are certainly permissible, even common, and they do not render the agreement to be ineffective. Such restrictions, however, may necessarily control the ability of the lessee to obtain an interest in the property sufficient to furnish it to the extent required to satisfy the exemption in Or. Rev. Stat. § 656.027(15).
Business & Corporate Compliance > … > Commercial Drivers & Vehicles > Transportation Law > Commercial Vehicles
Transportation, Commercial Drivers & Vehicles
The subject worker exemption in Or. Rev. Stat. § 656.027(15) requires an ownership or leasehold interest that would allow the lessee sufficient authority or control over the equipment to possess and use, or furnish, that equipment in some way other than in service of the lessor.
Counsel: Beth Cupani, Appellate Counsel, SAIF Corporation, Salem, argued the cause and filed the briefs for petitioners on review.
Craig Miller, Miller Law, LLC, Portland, argued the cause and filed the brief for respondent on review.
Theodore P. Heus, Quinn & Heus, LLC, Beaverton, filed the brief for amicus curiae Oregon Trial Lawyers Association.
Judges: Before Walters, Chief Justice, and Balmer, Flynn, Duncan, Nelson, and Garrett, Justices**. Garrett, J., dissented and filed an opinion, in which Balmer, J., joined.
Opinion by: NELSON
Opinion
NELSON, J.
This workers’ compensation case requires us to decide whether a truck driver (claimant) who sustained injuries while driving a truck that he leased directly from a trucking company, with restrictions that prohibited him from driving the truck for the use of any other company, is a “subject worker” within the meaning of ORS 656.027 such that the trucking company is required to provide workers’ compensation insurance coverage for claimant’s injuries. SAIF and Robert S. Murray, the owner of Bob Murray Trucking (BMT), a for-hire carrier, [*2] seek review of the Court of Appeals’ opinion affirming the final order of the Workers’ Compensation Board. In that order, the board concluded that claimant was a subject worker of BMT under the workers’ compensation laws and did not qualify for the exemption to “subject worker” status contained in ORS 656.027(15)(c). For the reasons described below, we agree with the board that claimant is a “subject worker” who did not qualify for the exemption in ORS 656.027(15)(c) and, accordingly, was entitled to workers’ compensation coverage provided by BMT. We affirm the decision of the Court of Appeals and the Workers’ Compensation Board’s final order.
I. FACTS
We take the facts from the board’s findings, as set out in its final order. Those include the earlier findings of an administrative law judge (ALJ), as adopted by the board alongside its own factual summary.
BMT is a for-hire, interstate motor carrier that is in the business of hauling wood, steel, and general commodities. BMT is licensed by the federal Department of Transportation and its trucking operations are regulated by the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration. BMT is owned by Robert S. Murray.
Claimant worked as a truck driver for BMT between May and August 2016. [*3] To begin driving for BMT, claimant leased a tractor truck directly from BMT. Claimant signed a document entitled “Operator Lease/Independent Contractor Agreement.” That agreement specifically stated that claimant “has not acquired, nor will [he] acquire by this acceptance of the Lease Agreement, any proprietary right, security interests or equity in the lease vehicle.” The agreement also provided that the lease payments, occupational insurance fees, and maintenance fees were to be deducted directly from claimant’s paycheck.1 In exchange, the agreement granted claimant the right to use BMT’s truck to haul loads but “only in interstate trucking in the United States on behalf of [BMT].”
For hauling loads for BMT, claimant was compensated at a rate of 37 cents per mile. In addition to the lease agreement, claimant also signed an acknowledgement that he received a copy of the BMT “Driver’s Manual,” which provided additional rules and regulations for the use of the truck, including safety rules, rules of personal conduct and dress, and various additional restrictions. One such restriction prohibited carrying any additional passengers in the truck without first obtaining permission from BMT. [*4]
The lease agreement and manual not only outlined claimant’s interest in the leased truck, they also provided additional information about BMT’s compensation incentives, primarily based on claimant’s adherence to the rules outlined by BMT, timely submission of paperwork documenting mileage and vehicle inspections, accurate mileage sheets and reporting logs, daily inspection reports, frequent communication with BMT dispatch, customer service and professional demeanor when hauling loads for BMT, availability, truck cleanliness and appearance standards, and safe driving records.
BMT also monitored claimant’s use of the truck by requiring that he only drive assigned routes and questioning claimant if he deviated from the route or made an unscheduled stop at a rest stop. BMT paid and provided for the following resources and expenses: liability insurance, fuel, and various equipment (including a radio, tools, flashlight, camera, and fire extinguisher). In addition, BMT placed its logo onto the truck to “identify the equipment as being in [BMT’s] service” and prohibited claimant from making any changes to the appearance of the truck, particularly from placing his own signage anywhere on the [*5] truck. Although the lease agreement allowed claimant to identify other drivers who may be able to operate the truck for BMT, BMT reserved the right to “disqualify any driver provided by [claimant] who is determined to be unsafe by [BMT] in [BMT’s] sole discretion.” As noted above, the truck was to be used exclusively to haul loads for BMT.2
On August 9, 2016, claimant was operating the truck pursuant to the lease agreement by hauling a load for BMT. As required by the lease agreement, claimant had obtained BMT’s permission for his girlfriend to ride in the passenger seat. During the drive, claimant began to experience difficulty with the truck’s brakes and, eventually, claimant was unable to stop the truck. The truck flipped over. Claimant’s girlfriend was killed, and claimant sustained serious physical injuries.
Claimant filed a workers’ compensation claim with SAIF seeking benefits for the injuries that he sustained in the accident. SAIF denied that claim. Relying on ORS 656.027(15), which provides that an individual “who has an ownership or leasehold interest in equipment and who furnishes, maintains, and operates the equipment” does not qualify as a subject worker who is entitled to workers’ compensation [*6] benefits, SAIF determined that claimant was not eligible for workers’ compensation benefits from BMT. An ALJ agreed with SAIF’s contention and upheld its decision to deny claimant benefits.
The claim came before the Workers’ Compensation Board which disagreed with the ALJ and reversed the decision. In doing so, the board determined that claimant was unable, under the terms of the lease agreement between him and BMT, to “furnish” the truck to BMT because he had no transferable interest in the truck. Accordingly, the board held that claimant did not qualify for the exemption in ORS 656.027(15)(c) and was a subject worker entitled to workers’ compensation benefits.
SAIF and BMT (collectively, SAIF) sought judicial review, arguing that claimant was not a subject worker of BMT and that he was exempt from workers’ compensation coverage under ORS 656.027(15)(c). In response to the board’s conclusion, SAIF argued that a truck is “furnished” under that exemption when a driver makes the equipment available to haul loads of goods for the carrier, regardless of whether the driver makes that same equipment available to other carriers, and that no transferable interest is required under the statute. SAIF contended that claimant met [*7] the terms of the exemption in ORS 656.027(15)(c) because he had a leasehold interest in the truck, as evidenced by the lease agreement between the parties, and he furnished the truck to BMT when he hauled goods for them. In response, claimant asserted that the board had correctly decided that a driver must have a transferable interest in the equipment (here, the truck) in order to “furnish” it and, thus, claimant did not qualify as a nonsubject worker under the exemption and was entitled to workers’ compensation insurance coverage from BMT.
The Court of Appeals affirmed the order of the Workers’ Compensation Board. SAIF v. Ward, 307 Ore. App. 337, 347, 477 P3d 429 (2020). To reach that conclusion, the Court of Appeals took a comprehensive approach to evaluating the workers’ compensation statutory framework and the requirements for the subject worker exemption described in ORS 656.027(15). As a preliminary matter, the Court of Appeals explained that, in its view, the text of ORS 656.027(15) contains two independent and separate requirements: (1) that the worker has an ownership or leasehold interest in the equipment; and (2) that the worker must furnish, maintain, and operate the equipment. Ward, 307 Ore. App. at 340. That court noted that the phrasing of the statute indicates that the first requirement—the ownership [*8] or leasehold interest—is distinct from the second requirement—furnishing, maintaining, and operating the equipment. Id. Then, that court began to examine the specific language in ORS 656.027(15) by first defining the terms in the statute, “furnish” and “leasehold interest,” to resolve the statutory construction question presented in this case. Id. at 340-41.
The Court of Appeals first defined “furnish.” That court concluded that, under the statute, a driver furnishes equipment “by providing or supplying that equipment to a for-hire carrier.” Id. at 341. That court next turned to the meaning of the phrase “leasehold interest,” explaining that “a leasehold interest, at a minimum, means that the claimant must have the ‘right to possession and use.’” Id. at 343. Then, that court considered how the terms relate to each other within the statute itself, concluding that the use of both of the terms in ORS 656.027(15) implied that an interest beyond the mere right to possess and use the equipment was required to qualify for the exemption:
“[U]nder the plain meaning of the statutory text, a driver can ‘furnish’ equipment to a carrier by providing the equipment in service of the carrier—here, by producing the equipment to haul loads for the carrier. A driver [*9] can have a ‘leasehold interest’ in the equipment if the driver has the right to possess and use it. However, if the leasehold interest conveys no right of possession, use, or control beyond allowing the driver to furnish, maintain, and operate the equipment in service of the carrier, the lease is no more than a paper trail to give form to what is in substance actually the use of company equipment by a subject employee.”
Id. at 343. Accordingly, the Court of Appeals concluded that ORS 656.027(15) “requires a leasehold interest that exceeds the right to furnish the equipment to the carrier such that the driver has a right to possess, use, and control the equipment for purposes other than providing it to the carrier.” Id. (emphasis added).
After it laid out the applicable definitions and legal principles, the Court of Appeals applied those principles to the facts of this case to decide if claimant met the requirements of the statutory exemption in ORS 656.027(15). That court reiterated that the lease limited claimant’s possession and use of the truck to a substantial degree through its requirement that the truck be used to haul loads exclusively for BMT. Id. at 344. In that court’s view, the leasehold interest in the truck did not transfer [*10] sufficient rights in the truck to meet the requirements of the ORS 656.027(15) exemption. Id. at 347. Although the agreement between claimant and BMT purported to be a “lease” by its title, it “did not confer any interest in the leased vehicle beyond the authority to use it in BMT’s service and under BMT’s direction.” Id. at 346-47. Without a sufficient leasehold interest, the Court of Appeals concluded that claimant was a subject worker and was entitled to workers’ compensation benefits. Id. at 347.
SAIF petitioned for review before this court, arguing that the plain text of the statute and the legislative history support its view that claimant was exempted from workers’ compensation coverage under ORS 656.027(15). Claimant filed a response. We allowed review to consider whether the exemption in ORS 656.027(15) removes claimant from qualification as a “subject worker” for purposes of the workers’ compensation statutes.
II. ANALYSIS
“any person, including a minor whether lawfully or unlawfully employed, who engages to furnish services for a renumeration, subject to the direction and control of an employer.”3 If an individual does not meet the definition of a “worker” in that statute, then the inquiry ends and that individual is not subject to the workers’ compensation laws. S-W Floor Cover Shop v. Natl. Council on Comp. Ins., 318 Ore. 614, 621, 872 P2d 1 (1994). Here, SAIF concedes that claimant meets the requirements to be considered a “worker,” subject to the direction and control of BMT. Thus, the focus turns to whether claimant is a “subject worker” within the scope of the workers’ compensation statutes. That question is answered by moving to the second step of the “subject worker” inquiry.
persons performing services primarily for board and lodging for religious, charitable, or relief organizations. See generallyORS 656.027 (setting out a list of exemptions from subject worker status). The exemption at issue in this case is found in ORS 656.027(15) and identifies a nonsubject worker as
“[a] person who has an ownership or leasehold interest in equipment and who furnishes, maintains and operates the equipment. As used in this subsection ‘equipment’ means:
“(a) A motor vehicle used in the transportation of logs, poles or piling.
“(b) A motor vehicle used in the transportation of rocks, gravel, sand, dirt or asphalt concrete.
“(c) A motor vehicle used in the transportation of property by a for-hire motor carrier that is required under ORS 825.100 Ore. 825.104 to possess a certificate or permit or to be registered.”
This case considers whether a worker qualifies for the exemption laid out in ORS 656.027(15) when the worker leases equipment from the lessor subject to the restriction that the equipment must be used exclusively for the lessor’s purposes.
SAIF argues that the plain text of the statute sets forth only two requirements to qualify as a nonsubject worker: (1) the worker must have a leasehold interest in equipment, which [*13] SAIF defines as the right to possess and use the equipment, and (2) the worker must furnish, maintain, and operate said equipment. SAIF contends that the Court of Appeals acknowledged that claimant is within the scope of the exemption if the court only looked to the individual plain meaning of the terms at issue—”leasehold interest” and “furnish”—but nevertheless incorrectly inferred more restrictive meanings for those terms than the legislature intended by requiring that the “leasehold interest” in question be transferable, or provide proprietary rights that extend beyond mere possession and use. In SAIF’s view, the board and the Court of Appeals erred in concluding that claimant fell outside of the scope of the exemption in ORS 656.027(15) and, instead, argues that claimant should be classified as a nonsubject worker.
Claimant, on the other hand, contends that he did not have a sufficient leasehold interest that granted him the ability to furnish the truck, as required to qualify for the subject worker exemption in ORS 656.027(15). According to claimant, the board and the Court of Appeals correctly determined that he was a subject worker under the workers’ compensation laws. Claimant argues that, because he could [*14] not transfer ownership of the truck, and had no rights to drive the truck or haul goods for any company other than BMT, he did not have the right to possess, use, or control the truck beyond the ability to furnish it exclusively for BMT, the lessor. As claimant explains his situation, BMT’s agreement was a “sham lease” that the Court of Appeals properly described as “no more than a paper trail to give form to what [was] in substance actually the use of company equipment by a subject employee.” See Ward, 307 Ore. App. at 343. Without a sufficient leasehold interest that provides the ability to furnish the truck for someone other than the lessor, claimant contends that he was a “subject worker” and entitled to workers’ compensation coverage.
Before this court, the parties present competing arguments that focus primarily on the meaning of “leasehold interest” in the statute. To resolve the question of statutory construction before us, we follow the established statutory interpretation framework laid out in PGE v. Bureau of Labor and Industries, 317 Ore. 606, 610-12, 859 P2d 1143 (1993), and State v. Gaines, 346 Ore. 160, 171-72, 206 P3d 1042 (2009).
fashioning rules of statutory interpretation that, in the court’s judgment, best serve the paramount goal of discerning the legislature’s intent.”). To determine the intent of the legislature, we look to the text, context, and any helpful legislative history of the statute in question, keeping in mind that “there is no more persuasive evidence of the intent of the legislature than the words by which the legislature undertook to give expression to its wishes.” Id. (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). The context of a statute includes “other provisions of the same statute and related statutes, as well as the preexisting common law and the statutory framework within which the statute was enacted.” Fresk v. Kraemer, 337 Ore. 513, 520-21, 99 P3d 282 (2004).
We begin with an examination of the relevant text. We note from the outset that we agree with the Court of Appeals that the operative text of the exemption in ORS 656.027(15)—describing a nonsubject worker as “[a] person who has an ownership or leasehold interest in equipment and who furnishes, maintains and operates the equipment”—suggests that the statute contains two separate and distinct requirements. See Ward, 307 Ore. App. at 341 (“In order to be a nonsubject worker, claimant must both ‘furnish’ the truck and have [*16] a ‘leasehold interest.’”). Because the parties to this case do not dispute that claimant maintains and operates the truck at issue here, the primary consideration is the meaning of the terms “leasehold interest” and “furnishes.”
Neither of those terms are specifically defined in the workers’ compensation statutes.4 When interpreting a term or phrase that the legislature has not specifically defined, this court first considers the “plain, natural, and ordinary” meaning of the term. DCBS v. Muliro, 359 Ore. 736, 745-46, 380 P3d 270 (2016). To determine the “plain, natural, and ordinary” meaning of an undefined term, we will frequently consider how the term is defined in the dictionary, operating on the assumption that, “if the legislature did not give the term a specialized definition, the dictionary definition reflects the meaning that the legislature would have intended.” Muliro, 359 Ore. at 746 (citing State v. Murray, 340 Ore. 599, 604, 136 P3d 10 (2006)).
Neither claimant nor SAIF contends that the Court of Appeals incorrectly defined the terms in the agreement. As we understand it, the dispute in this case centers less around the plain meaning of the terms at issue, and more on how the legislature intended the two terms to interact with each other in the statute itself. The question in this case is not focused [*17] on the plain meaning of the terms “furnish” and “leasehold interest” in isolation, but rather what the legislature intended when it enacted the statutory exemption and how to best give meaning to the entire provision. With that said, the individual definitions are still an important piece of that consideration and, largely agreeing with the Court of Appeals, and the parties, as to those meanings, we reiterate those definitions here.
We begin with the definition of the word “furnish.” “Furnish” is undefined within ORS 656.027(15). The word does not carry a specific legal meaning and we found no indication that the legislature intended the word to have any meaning beyond its ordinary one. The word “furnish,” as used in ORS 656.027(15), operates as a verb and means, in its ordinary usage, “to provide or supply with what is needed, useful or desirable.” Webster’s Third New Int’l Dictionary 923 (unabridged ed 2002); see State v. Glushko/Little, 351 Ore. 297, 311, 266 P3d 50 (2011) (“[W]hen consulting dictionaries for the ordinary meanings of statutory terms, it is important to examine the definition of the part of speech actually used in the statute at issue.”). In this particular context, that definition implies that a driver can “furnish” a truck by producing it to haul loads [*18] for a carrier.
The plain meaning of the phrase “leasehold interest,” as the legislature would have understood it when it added that language to the statutory exemption in 1979 is not as clear. Webster’s defines the word “leasehold” with specific reference to real property. See Webster’s at 1286 (defining leasehold as “land held by lease”). That definition is consistent with the meaning identified in Black’s Law Dictionary, which defines leasehold as “[a] tenant’s possessory estate in land or premises,” and that same dictionary’s definition of leasehold interest that explicitly references real property in the context of eminent domain. Black’s Law Dictionary 1027 (10th ed 2009). Neither of those definitions are particularly helpful in this context because we have been asked to consider the term as it applies to equipment—here, the truck leased to claimant by BMT—and not real property.
The term “leasehold interest” is also a legal term of art used in the field of secured transactions. of Appeals looked to Oregon’s Uniform Commercial Code to define “leasehold interest” based on its legal meaning within that field. Ward, 307 Ore. App. at 342. In its briefing before this court, SAIF does not appear to argue against the use of that definition, though it does point out that Oregon enacted the UCC definition of “lease” and “leasehold interest” in 1989, after the language was added to the statutory exemption at issue in this case. Nonetheless, based on the reliance on the UCC definition below and the fact that both parties appear to accept that definition, it makes sense for us to at least consider the meaning of “leasehold interest” within the UCC as a possible meaning that the legislature may have considered when it adopted ORS 656.027(15).
Oregon’s Uniform Commercial Code on Leases, contained in ORS chapter 72A, governs “any transaction, regardless of form, that creates a lease,” including the lease created in this case. SeeORS 72A.1020 (defining the scope of ORS chapter 72A). The UCC defines a “leasehold interest” as “the interest of the lessor or the lessee under a lease contract,” ORS 72A.1030(1)(m), and a “lease” as “a transfer of the right to possession and use of goods for a term in return for consideration,” ORS 72A.1030(1)(j). In its most basic form, then, under the UCC, a “leasehold [*20] interest” requires that the lessee have a right to possess and use the equipment.
Claimant also suggests an alternative plain meaning of “leasehold interest.” Under the Oregon Department of Transportation, Motor Carrier Transportation Division’s own regulations, a lease must convey “exclusive possession, use, and control of the leased vehicle.” OAR 740-045-0100(2)(c) (emphasis added). The administrative rules that refer to that definition of “lease,” however, only govern vehicles operated in intrastate commerce within Oregon and, like the UCC definition, that administrative rule was adopted after the “leasehold interest” language at issue in this case was added to the statutory exemption.
Although the plain meaning of “leasehold interest” is more complicated than the meaning of the word “furnish,” the definitions considered above do carry similar language and suggest some themes that the legislature may have understood when it chose to include that language. At a minimum, the UCC and the ODOT regulations suggest that a leasehold interest requires “possession and use.” We agree with both parties then that the “leasehold interest” in this case requires that the lessee (claimant) have the right to possess and [*21] use the equipment leased from BMT.
After identifying the plain meaning of the terms within the statutory exemption, we now consider those definitions in the text of ORS 656.027(15). When we insert those two definitions into the text of the statute, then a nonsubject worker includes a person who has an interest under a lease in equipment—that is, an agreement that transfers the right to possession and use of equipment—and who provides or supplies said equipment. If we stop the inquiry here, looking solely to the ordinary usage of the terms in ORS 656.027(15) to determine the intent of the legislature in enacting the exemption, we might agree with SAIF that claimant fit the requirements of a nonsubject worker: Claimant entered into what purported to be a “lease agreement” with BMT, an agreement that indeed granted claimant the right to possess and use the truck, satisfying the minimum requirements of the plain meaning of a leasehold interest, and claimant produced, i.e. “furnished,” the truck when he provided services hauling products for BMT.
Claimant persuasively argues, however, that merely inserting the definitions into the statute does not explain why the legislature included both “leasehold interest” and “furnishes” [*22] in the statutory text. As claimant explains, if the requirement to “furnish” is satisfied by providing or supplying a piece of equipment that an individual has a mere right to possess and use for the person they are supplying the equipment to, then the two requirements are essentially duplicitous. In other words, a lease that grants a lessee a right to supply the equipment for exclusive use by the lessor does not actually grant a sufficient interest in the equipment for the lessee to “furnish” the equipment. Instead, claimant contends that the leasehold interest must transfer some legal interest beyond mere use and possession to give full effect to all of the terms of the statutory exemption—particularly the word “furnish.”
this court must avoid if possible.”); State v. Kellar, 349 Ore. 626, 636, 247 P3d 1232 (2011) (“Defendant’s interpretation results in a redundancy, something that we seek to avoid in interpreting statutes.”). To interpret the statutory exemption as SAIF proposes takes meaning away from the legislature’s intentional use of both “leasehold interest” and “furnish.” Instead, we agree with claimant that the conjunctive nature of the statute suggests that a driver who has an ownership or leasehold interest in equipment (here, a truck) must separately be able to furnish that equipment beyond merely driving it for the lessor in order to satisfy the conditions of the exemption. That is to say, even if we accept SAIF’s proposed plain text reading of the statute, the use of all of the words in the statutory exemption together leaves us unconvinced that the legislature intended mere possession and use to grant a leasehold interest sufficient to furnish that same equipment in satisfaction of the requirements of ORS 656.027(15).
In addition to the conjunctive nature of the language in the statute, the context and legislative history of ORS 656.027(15) assist us in concluding that the legislature did not understand the exemption to apply in claimant’s situation. See Gaines, 346 Ore. at 171-72 (describing the [*24] combined role that text and context play in interpreting the legislature’s intent when enacting a statute). The legislative history surrounding the creation of the subject worker exemption contained in ORS 656.027(15) provides important background information for determining what the legislature intended the exemption to cover and why it was created.5 When the exemption at issue here was first enacted, then only applying to “person[s] who engage[ ] in transportation by motor vehicles of logs, poles and piling,” the House Committee on Labor provided a committee summary of the proposed bill that described its effects as adding “[e]quipment owners/operators (who own and operate equipment for hire)” to the category of nonsubject workers. Testimony, House Committee on Labor, HB 2820, May 30, 1977, Ex A (statement of Rep Bill Markham). Representative Markham explained the purpose of the statutory exemption in the following statement:
“HB 2820 would classify the log trucker who operates and maintains his own equipment as an independent contractor for the purpose of workers’ compensation.
” * * * *
“The single log truck operator owns and maintains his equipment. He has the right to select his jobs and may hire [*25] someone to drive his truck under certain circumstances.”
Id.
In 1979, the statute was amended to include the “leasehold interest” language at issue in this case. Or Laws 1979, ch 821, § 1. At a hearing before the House Committee on Labor on that amendment, and a potential expansion to add language to encompass backhoes and similar equipment, a proponent of the proposed legislation, Jack Kalinoski, representing the Association of General Contractors testified that
“[t]he Senate * * * felt it was appropriate to include those relatively few people who own equipment that is used for that kind of work so that if they contract out their services with their equipment, owning, maintaining, and operating their equipment, then no one would construe them to be employe[e]s of the person with whom they have contracted.”
Tape Recording, House Committee on Labor, HB 2726, July 2, 1979, Tape 40, Side 1. Senator Groener, a member of that committee, then asked if the provision, as written, would allow an employer to lease equipment to an employee for exclusive use by the employer in an effort to escape providing workers’ compensation coverage:
“I have a question on that. What would prohibit me as a backhoe [*26] operator from leasing a backhoe from the employer for the purpose of avoidance of paying workers’ comp? In other words, I work for Donald Drake. Donald Drake says, ‘Groener, I’ll lease you that backhoe and pay you so much for operating it,’ and by doing so, it wouldn’t be necessary for him to pay workers’ comp.”
Id. Kalinoski replied that he “did not feel this would happen but if it did his association would be the first to say the statute was being abused” and that such abuse did not fall within the terms of the statute. Id. The following dialogue between Senator Groener and Kalinoski is especially informative:
“[KALINOSKI]: Well, the way the statute is worded, as it came from your committee in the Senate, Senator, is that he’s required to both furnish, operate and maintain it. Now, if he were to, it seems to me, that if he were to obtain it from the same person with whom he is contracting, that the carrier would see through that immediately and say that’s nothing but subterfuge.
“But let me * * * try to assist you, Senator. Let’s assume that I wish to go into the business, and I lease a backhoe from the Donald M. Drake Company, as you’re talking about, but use it on a [unintelligible] [*27] company project. Is there anything wrong with that?”
“[GROENER]: Is there anything wrong with it if it’s for the purpose of avoidance of workers’ comp? Who’s going to take care of that man?”
Id. Then, Kalinoski further clarified why the distinction of having control over the use of the equipment, rather than requiring exclusive use of the equipment for the employer and lessor, matters:
“Well, because I want to be an independent contractor. I want to, so I go out and I lease a piece of equipment from where I can get it, under the best terms and conditions available to me, but I want to use it on another project.”
Id. (emphasis added). Kalinoski’s clarification indicates that he considered the right to use the equipment for multiple jobs of the lessee’s choosing to be an important reason why an individual would choose to work as an independent contractor, rather than an employee of a single company. The conversation indicates that without such rights, “if [lessee] were to obtain [the equipment] from the same person with whom he is contracting,” and is not able to use it for work for other persons, the lessee would be unable to “furnish” the equipment as required by the statute.
Following [*28] the conversation between Senator Groener and Kalinoski, the committee members discussed the possibility of removing the “leasehold interest” language to address the concerns about the application to a situation where the worker leases equipment directly from the lessor, for the lessor’s exclusive use. Kalinoski encouraged the committee to keep the “leasehold interest” language, however, because the language would expand the nonsubject worker status to individuals unable to afford their own equipment, stating “you know how it is to buy.” Tape Recording, House Committee on Labor, HB 2726, July 2, 1979, Tape 40, Side 1. As we understand Kalinoski’s statement, including the “leasehold interest” language would add an avenue to extend the exemption to individuals that traditionally would be unable to afford to operate as an independent contractor because of the difficulty and expense of purchasing their own equipment. Ultimately, the exemption was enacted with the “leasehold interest” language intact.
Although the exchange between Senator Groener and Kalinoski occurred during a discussion about expanding the subject worker exemption to include equipment other than trucks, such as a backhoe, [*29] the conversation addressed the precise fact pattern that is presented here: a lease agreement between an employer and an individual leasing equipment where the lessee is limited to the exclusive use of the equipment for the benefit of the employer-lessor. Both parties to this case point to that interaction to support their positions.
SAIF contends that the legislative history, and especially the interaction between Senator Groener and Kalinoski, supports its plain language interpretation of the statute. In its view, the fact that the legislature contemplated such a situation, and ultimately decided that it did not need to amend the statutory language despite its concerns, demonstrates that “there is no clear legislative intent that in order to have a leasehold interest and furnish the equipment to the for-hire carrier, that the driver must have a leasehold interest that permits him to use the equipment in service of someone other than the lessor.” Rather, according to SAIF, the plain text and legislative history both clearly suggest that the exemption was meant to apply to persons who either had a leasehold or ownership interest in equipment and could furnish that equipment in some [*30] manner, regardless of what limitations existed on that equipment pursuant to the lease agreement.
Claimant counters that the conversation between Senator Groener and Kalinoski demonstrates that the legislature’s specific intent was the opposite. In claimant’s view, the discussion prior to amendment of the statute to include individuals with a “leasehold interest” in equipment shows that the legislature did not intend a purported lease agreement to, by itself, turn an individual into a nonsubject employee. Instead, claimant contends that the excerpts of the discussion between Senator Groener and Kalinoski reveal that the legislature recognized that a lease-back scenario, similar to the situation here, could occur under the terms of the statute, but was not meant to fall within what the legislature intended the statute to cover. Moreover, although Senator Groener did express apprehension about the possibility of that situation occurring, he was assured by Kalinoski directly that that would be an abuse by subterfuge. Claimant argues that the legislative history reveals that the intent of the statute was to exempt owner-operators—those who have a proprietary interest in the equipment and [*31] then furnish that equipment to for-hire carriers for transport—from workers’ compensation and that there is no legislative intent that suggests the statute was meant to exempt workers in his situation.
We are not persuaded by SAIF’s assertions. The conversation between Senator Groener and Kalinoski does demonstrate that the legislature contemplated the situation that is occurring here and was assured that such a possibility would be subterfuge, or an inappropriate use of the exemption. In light of the concerns expressed about this very situation, and the assurance that that was not what the statutory exemption was intended to cover, it is difficult to attribute the meaning proposed by SAIF to the legislature’s decision not to change the language in the statute in light of its concerns. Ultimately, the legislature did discuss removing the “leasehold interest” language in the exemption to address this very possibility, but elected to leave the language in place because removing the language would not allow truck drivers the opportunity to lease, rather than purchase, a vehicle and still maintain status as a nonsubject worker.
The text, context, and legislative history of the subject worker [*32] exemption contained in ORS 656.075(15), when considered together, indicate that the legislature did not intend that the exemption cover a situation in which a lessor leases equipment to an individual and then maintains nearly exclusive control over the use of that vehicle. As mentioned, the parties’ arguments before this court focused on the meaning of the term “leasehold interest” within the statute and whether the lease agreement between claimant and BMT granted sufficient rights to qualify for the exemption. We agree that that is a portion of the question that must be answered in this case but, as claimant points out, that phrase must be read and considered alongside the entirety of the statute. history that the exemption requires an ownership or leasehold interest that would permit the lessee to use the equipment in some way other than furnishing, maintaining, and operating the equipment for the exclusive use and at the exclusive direction of the lessor.
Here, claimant entered into a lease agreement with BMT. Although that lease agreement granted claimant the right to “possess” the truck, BMT still exercised significant control over the manner in which claimant could “use” the truck. as required by the statute. Put another way, the agreement between BMT and claimant placed claimant in nearly the same position as if he was an employee of BMT and not, as the subject worker exemption contemplates, an owner (or lessee)-operator with decisionmaking ability about who to haul for. As we understand the requirement to furnish the equipment, based on the entire text of the statutory exemption, the lessee must have additional rights beyond the right to make the equipment available to the lessor at its request. The lease agreement in this case does not grant claimant the right to furnish the equipment in that way. Therefore, because the agreement does not grant claimant sufficient authority over the equipment to possess, use, and furnish the equipment as he chooses, he does not qualify for the subject worker exemption in ORS 656.027(15).
III. CONCLUSION
did not convey such an interest.
The decision of the Court of Appeals and the order of the Workers’ Compensation Board are affirmed.
Dissent by: GARRETT
Dissent
GARRETT, J., dissenting.
I respectfully dissent. I am not convinced that the text or context of ORS 656.027(15) provide a reason to give the terms “leasehold interest” and “furnishes” anything other than their ordinary meanings. The legislative history, far from showing that the legislature intended those words to have an unusual meaning, indicates the opposite. It confirms that the legislature was aware that those words could encompass the arrangement that occurred in this case. If that result is undesirable, it is the legislature, not this court, that should rewrite the statute.
The relevant exemption defines a nonsubject worker as
“[a] person who has an ownership or leasehold interest in equipment and who furnishes, maintains and operates the equipment. As used in this subsection, ‘equipment’ means:
“* * * *
“(c) A motor vehicle used in the transportation of property by a for-hire motor carrier that is required under ORS 825.100 Ore. 825.104 to possess a certificate or permit or to be registered.”
ORS 656.027(15). The dispute in this case turns on the meaning of the first paragraph.
There is [*36] little to say about the words “leasehold interest” and “furnish,” because the majority and I agree on the ordinary meanings of those terms, and the majority acknowledges that, on their face, they apply to a situation where a person leases equipment and then “furnishes” it by providing hauling services to the lessor. 369 Ore. at 398. The majority reasons, however, that the legislature must have intended something different because applying the ordinary meanings here would make the terms “duplicative.” Id. That conclusion seems to be based on the observation that, under the terms of the lease, claimant was not permitted to drive the truck for other companies, so claimant cannot be said to have “furnished” the truck to the company that was the exclusive beneficiary of his services. Thus, the majority frames the question as whether claimant had a “sufficient” leasehold interest here to “furnish” the truck, and it concludes that he did not, because he had no right to use it for any purpose other than driving for the lessor. Id. at 404, 405.
The notion of “sufficiency” of the leasehold interest is an odd one. No one suggests that, if the question arose in a different legal context, the arrangement in this case would be [*37] seen as anything other than a lease. Use restrictions are not uncommon in leases, and claimant retained the ability to decide whether or not to drive for the lessor. Thus, the majority is correct that the statute includes two disjunctive requirements, but both are satisfied here: The leasehold interest gave claimant a right of possession and use, and he furnished the truck by exercising that right.1
The majority relies on legislative history to infer that the words of the statute should be given something other than their ordinary meanings. Id. at 404. That analysis confuses the question of what policy objective the legislature hoped to achieve with the question of what the legislature understood the words to mean. I acknowledge that the exchange between Senator Groener and Jack Kalinoski tends to cast doubt on whether at least some legislators intended to promote arrangements like the one in this case, where the leased equipment is furnished back to the lessor. What is more significant is that, after Senator Groener pointed out that the proposed language could lead to exactly that result, he was given an assurance by Kalinoski—an assurance that that result was unlikely, not that it was [*38] beyond the scope of the words being proposed. The legislative committee then debated whether to change the language, and it ultimately left the provision intact. It would have been possible to amend the bill to exclude certain types of leases, but that did not happen. What the legislative history reveals is that the legislature knew that the proposed wording could produce a certain outcome that might (in the views of some) not be desirable, but it declined to make the further changes necessary to prevent that outcome.
This court has previously recognized, when interpreting statutes, that the legislative record may reveal a “mismatch—or at least, a potential mismatch—in the text that the legislature chose for the statute and the policy that the legislature ostensibly sought to effectuate.” State v. Walker, 356 Ore. 4, 21, 333 P3d 316 (2014) (emphasis in original). That is so, among other reasons, because it is common for the legislature to act with a particular purpose in mind but to enact language that reaches more broadly than that original purpose. As we explained in South Beach Marina, Inc. v. Dept. of Rev., 301 Ore. 524, 531, 724 P2d 788 (1986):
“Statutes ordinarily are drafted in order to address some known or identifiable problem, but the chosen solution may not always be narrowly confined to the precise problem. [*39] The legislature may and often does choose broader language that applies to a wider range of circumstances than the precise problem that triggered legislative attention.”
Thus, courts are often presented with situations where broadly worded statutes are applied in ways that may not have been within the original contemplation of the legislature, or that may even be in tension with some indicators of what the legislature was trying to accomplish. In those cases, while it may be tempting to adopt a narrowing construction, it is rarely appropriate to do so unless the terms of the statute are genuinely ambiguous and the legislative history indicates that a particular meaning different than the ordinary meaning was intended.
Absent those circumstances, we should respect what we cannot know about the reasons why the legislature chose the language it did:
“For instance, lawmakers may believe that defining a narrower class for coverage under a statute would cause more problems in interpretation and administration and would be less efficient than to use broad, residual language that avoids such problems. When the express terms of a statute indicate such broader coverage, it is not necessary to show [*40] that this was its conscious purpose. In the absence of an affirmative showing that the narrower meaning actually was intended by the drafters, we shall take the legislature at its word * * *.”
Id.
Here, we know that legislators were made aware of the potential reach of the exemption, and that at least one of them, Senator Groener, was concerned about it. We know that the committee subsequently considered, but did not adopt, narrowing language. What we do not know is the reason for that. Perhaps the committee concluded that attempting to narrow the statute would create “problems in interpretation and administration.” Id. Perhaps the committee received additional assurances that industry participants were unlikely to behave in the way that Senator Groener feared, making further amendments seem unnecessary. Perhaps Senator Groener’s concerns were not shared by other legislators, who objected to a narrowing amendment on policy grounds.
Given what we know and what we do not, this court would do well to heed what we said in Walker:
“Particularly where the legislative history demonstrates that the legislature was aware of the expansive nature of an enactment’s text, yet chose not to narrow it, we are [*41] constrained to interpret the statute in a way that is consistent with that text, which is, in the end, the best indication of the legislature’s intent.”
356 Ore. at 22. If the lease arrangement in this case is one that the legislature does not believe should trigger the exemption in ORS 656.027(15), the legislature can do what it did not do in 1979, which is to narrow the statute. I respectfully dissent.
Balmer, J., joins in this dissenting opinion.
End of Document
* On judicial review of a final order of the Workers’ Compensation Board. 307 Ore. App. 337, 477 P3d 429 (2020).
** Nakamoto, J., retired December 31, 2021, and did not participate in the decision of this case. DeHoog, J., did not participate in the consideration or decision of this case.
1 Under the terms of the agreement, the lease payments and insurance fees were required to be paid to BMT; the truck maintenance was the responsibility of the driver, though the driver could opt into paying additional fees to BMT for maintenance as part of its incentivized in-house service plan. The ALJ’s findings indicate that claimant elected to participate in that program and, accordingly, maintenance fees were also deducted from claimant’s paycheck.
2 There is some dispute in the record, particularly in the testimony of the parties involved, as to whether claimant could use the truck for personal purposes. The language in the lease agreement makes clear that the truck was only to be used for “interstate trucking in the United States on behalf of [BMT]” but BMT gave some indication in its evidence that claimant could use the truck for limited personal purposes, if needed. We need not decide that factual dispute because the possibility of limited personal use of the truck is not dispositive here. For clarity, however, we note that references in this opinion to claimant’s “exclusive” use refer to the prohibition in the lease agreement that prevented claimant from using the equipment to haul loads for any company other than BMT. We do not use “exclusive” as a way of deciding any factual dispute between the parties.
3 The definition of “worker” was later renumbered to ORS 656.005(28)(a) (2021) and the language was slightly amended. The amendment to the language does not impact this case and we cite to the statutory language as in effect at the time of this case.
4 The term “leasehold interest” is defined separately within another subsection of ORS 656.027. As the Court of Appeals explained, however, that subsection, which specifically creates an exemption from subject worker status for taxicab and nonemergency medical transport drivers, makes clear both in its text and the accompanying legislative history that the definition of “leasehold interest” is specific to the “unique contractual relationship” between cab companies and owner-drivers of taxicabs. Ward, 307 Ore. App. at 343 n 6. Accordingly, that definition does not carry meaning in this specific context.
5 The statute at issue in this case, ORS 656.027, has been amended many times since its initial enactment in 1965. The exemption implicated in this case was first added to the list of nonsubject workers in 1977. See Or Laws 1977, ch 817, § 2 (adding “person[s] who engage[ ] in transportation by motor vehicles of logs, poles and piling” to the list of nonsubject workers contained in ORS 656.027). In 1979, the “leasehold interest” language was added to the exemption. Or Laws 1979, ch 821, § 1. Finally, as relevant to this case, the “for-hire motor carrier” subsection was added in a 2005 amendment. See Or Laws 2005, ch 167, § 1 (adding for-hire carriers to the statutory exemption in ORS 656.027(15)).
1 If claimant had been compelled to drive for the lessor, a question might arise whether “furnishing” can consist of compelled action. It is undisputed, however, that claimant determined on his own whether and how much to drive.
