2020 WL 1272116

United States District Court, S.D. West Virginia.
Clinton Eugene Gilley, as Administrator of the Estate of CARL DAVID GILLEY, Nicole Leigh Le, as Administrator of the Estate of CHRISTINE TARA WARDEN GILLEY, and Clinton Eugene Gilley and Nicole Leigh Le as Co-Administrators of the Estates of J.G. and G.G., minor children, Plaintiffs,
v.
C.H. ROBINSON WORLDWIDE, INC., J&TS TRANSPORT EXPRESS, INC., BERTRAM COPELAND, M&K TRUCK LEASING, LLC, and RIVER VALLEY CAPITAL INSURANCE, INC., Defendants.
CIVIL ACTION NO. 1:18-00536
|
Filed 03/16/2020

MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
David A. Faber Senior United States District Judge
*1 Pending before the court1 is defendant River Valley Capital Insurance, Inc.’s (“River Valley”) motion to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction. (ECF No. 98). For the reasons that follow, the motion to dismiss is GRANTED.

I. Procedural and Factual Background

A. The 2017 accident and plaintiffs’ claims against non-moving defendants
This lawsuit stems from an April 13, 2017 trucking accident that occurred in Mercer County, West Virginia. (See ECF No. 85 ¶ 18.) Plaintiffs allege that due to inexperience, poor training, and insufficient vehicle maintenance, defendant Bertram Copeland burned up the brakes on the tractor-trailer and failed to maintain control of the tractor-trailer. The tractor-trailer driven by defendant Copeland then crossed the median into oncoming traffic and struck the vehicle containing Carl David Gilley, Christine Gilley, and their children J.G. and G.G. (collectively referred to as the “Gilley family”). (Id.) Plaintiffs allege that defendant Copeland was employed by J&TS Transport Express, Inc. (“J&TS”) and that C.H. Robinson Worldwide, Inc. (“C.H. Robinson”) hired J&TS to transport goods in a tractor-trailer. (Id. ¶¶ 11, 13.) Plaintiffs also allege that the trailer involved in the accident was owned by M&K Leasing. (Id. ¶ 62.)

B. Plaintiffs’ claims against River Valley
Plaintiffs assert a negligence claim against River Valley (Count VII), averring that River Valley performed “services, including evaluating and screening new-hire drivers for J&TS, that River Valley knew, or should have known, were necessary for the protection of the motoring public, including plaintiffs” and that it “(a) failed to exercise reasonable care in performing those services; (b) Defendant River Valley’s performance increased the risk of harm to the Plaintiff; (c) One of the causes of the harm suffered is J&TS reliance on Defendant River Valley’s performance; and, (d) Defendant River Valley’s performance was the duty of the other to the Plaintiffs.” (Id. ¶ 67(a-d).) Plaintiffs also allege that River Valley was involved in a joint venture with some or all of the other named defendants. (Id. ¶ 68.)

C. River Valley’s motion to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction
On May 8, 2019, defendant River Valley filed a motion to dismiss pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(2) for lack of personal jurisdiction. (ECF No. 98.) River Valley argues that plaintiffs have not set forth allegations that would subject it to personal jurisdiction in West Virginia under the state’s long arm statute. (See ECF No. 99 (citing W. Va. Code §§ 56-3-33, 31D-15-1501(d)(1)).) It points out that plaintiffs’ claims against River Valley do not arise out of any activity that occurred within the State of West Virginia, nor do the claims arise out of activities River Valley directed at the residents of West Virginia. River Valley also submits an affidavit by its President, Tom Friedel, which avers the following:
*2 3. River Valley is a corporation which is incorporated in Iowa and has its principal place of business at 14868 West Ridge Lane, Suite 200, Dubuque, Iowa.
5. River Valley is an insurance agency that is domiciled in Iowa.
6. River Valley is the insurance agency for one of the defendants, in this lawsuit, J&TS, an Illinois corporation with its principal place of business in Chicago, Illinois.
7. River Valley is not registered or otherwise authorized by the Department of State of the State of West Virginia to do business in West Virginia.
8. River Valley does not maintain an agent for service of process in West Virginia.
9. River Valley does not direct any advertisements specifically to the citizens, residents, or businesses of West Virginia.
10. River Valley does not own or lease any real or personal property in West Virginia.
11. River Valley does not maintain any bank accounts in West Virginia.
12. River Valley does not have a mailing address in West Virginia.
13. River Valley does not maintain any telephone numbers in West Virginia.
14. River Valley does not contract with any third party in West Virginia for business purposes related to sale of insurance, nor has River Valley engaged in any joint venture with any third party located in West Virginia.
15. River Valley does not exert control over any West Virginia insurance agencies, nor does River Valley hold out any West Virginia individuals or entities as being agents or representatives of River Valley.
16. None of River Valley’s 19 employees, officers, or directors is located in West Virginia.
17. River Valley has never filed taxes or administrative reports in West Virginia.
18. River Valley’s revenue obtained through sales to businesses or individuals located in West Virginia constitutes 0.000006% of its income.
19. Information about River Valley may be accessed on the internet from anywhere in the world, including West Virginia, at http://rivervalleycapital.com/insurance/, but that website is not directed specifically at West Virginia, nor can any product sold by River Valley be purchased through the website.
20. In order to purchase insurance through River Valley, a customer must first call the River Valley telephone number, which is an Iowa telephone number, or come to the office in Dubuque, Iowa, to meet with an agent.
22. River Valley was asked by J&TS to add Bertram Copeland to J&TS’s commercial trucking policy. River Valley conducted a DMV background check on Bertram Copeland and provided the results to the company that underwrote the commercial trucking policy, National Liability & Fire Insurance Co., who then added Bertram Copeland as an approved driver on J&TS’s commercial trucking policy. River Valley did not make any recommendations as to whether or not Bertram Copeland should or should not be employed by J&TS or whether Bertram Copeland was fit or unfit to operate a motor vehicle or commercial truck.
23. The commercial trucking policy to which Bertram Copeland was added as an approved driver was written in the State of Illinois.
24. All of the activities that River Valley undertook as it relates to the requested services from J&TS took place in Iowa.
*3 (ECF No. 98, Ex. 1 ¶¶ 3, 5-20, 22-24.) River Valley argues that for these reasons it is not subject to general personal jurisdiction because it is not “at home” in West Virginia, nor have plaintiffs alleged sufficient minimum contacts to subject it to specific personal jurisdiction in West Virginia. (See ECF No. 99.)

Plaintiffs respond that there are sufficient contacts between River Valley and West Virginia for this court to exercise personal jurisdiction over River Valley. (See ECF No. 116.) Specifically, plaintiffs point to several facts that they allege create jurisdiction: River Valley’s website2 notes that River Valley has “the capability of serving Nationwide”; “River Valley added defendant truck driver Copeland to an interstate commercial motor vehicle policy”; “an agent of River Valley Capital Insurance stated Copeland ‘was eligible to be added to the [insurance] policy’ ”; and River Valley’s admission that West Virginia constitutes 0.000006% of its income shows that River Valley does in fact conduct some business in West Virginia. (Id.) Plaintiffs also argue that if the court finds plaintiffs have not yet alleged facts creating personal jurisdiction, the court should grant plaintiffs the opportunity to conduct reasonable, limited discovery to learn the full nature and extent of River Valley’s commercial contacts with this forum. (Id.)

River Valley filed a Reply, countering that its website being available in West Virginia does not constitute the kind of purposeful availment to establish sufficient minimum contacts; the fact that it performs work outside of West Virginia for an interstate trucking company which might hypothetically do business in or through West Virginia also does not show purposeful, intentional contact with West Virginia; its determination of defendant Copeland’s eligibility occurred entirely outside West Virginia; and the fact that River Valley draws a miniscule percentage of its income from business in West Virginia does not create general personal jurisdiction because it does not make River Valley “at home” in West Virginia, and does not create specific personal jurisdiction because such a miniscule percentage is insufficient to demonstrate purposeful availment. (ECF No. 117.) River Valley also argues that jurisdictional discovery should not be permitted because plaintiffs have not set forth a prima facie case of personal jurisdiction and merely want to conduct a fishing expedition to hope to find some basis of asserting personal jurisdiction. (Id.)

II. Standard of Review for Motion to Dismiss for Lack of Personal Jurisdiction
Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(2), a court may dismiss claims for lack of personal jurisdiction. Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(2). “When a non-resident defendant files a motion pursuant to Rule 12(b)(2) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure challenging the court’s power to exercise personal jurisdiction, ‘the jurisdictional question thus raised is one for the judge, with the burden on the plaintiff ultimately to prove the existence of a ground for jurisdiction by a preponderance of the evidence.’ ” Felman Prod. v. Bannai, 517 F. Supp. 2d 824, 827–28 (S.D.W. Va. 2007) (quoting Combs v. Bakker, 886 F.2d 673, 676 (4th Cir. 1989)). “Where, as here, the district court addresses the question of personal jurisdiction on the basis of motion papers, supporting legal memoranda, and the allegations in the complaint, the plaintiff bears the burden of making a prima facie showing of a sufficient jurisdictional basis to survive the jurisdictional challenge.” Consulting Eng’rs Corp. v. Geometric Ltd., 561 F.3d 273, 276 (4th Cir. 2009). “In considering whether the plaintiff has met this burden, the district court must construe all relevant pleading allegations in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, assume credibility, and draw the most favorable inferences for the existence of jurisdiction.” Universal Leather, LLC v. Koro AR, S.A., 773 F.3d 553, 558 (4th Cir. 2014) (citation omitted).

III. Discussion
*4 A federal court sitting in diversity, “has personal jurisdiction over a non-resident defendant if (1) an applicable state long-arm statute confers jurisdiction and (2) the assertion of that jurisdiction is consistent with constitutional due process.” Perdue Foods LLC v. BRF S.A., 814 F.3d 185, 188 (4th Cir. 2016) (quoting Nichols v. G.D. Searle & Co., 991 F.2d 1195, 1199 (4th Cir. 1993)). Here, because the West Virginia long-arm statute “ ‘is coextensive with the full reach of due process,’ the court need not conduct ‘the normal two-step formula.’ ” Knisely v. Nat’l Better Living Ass’n, 2015 WL 1868819, at *8 (N.D.W. Va. Apr. 23, 2015) (quoting In re Celotex Corp., 124 F.3d 619, 627 (4th Cir. 1997)). Thus, the court’s statutory inquiry merges with the constitutional inquiry and the court need only consider whether the exercise of personal jurisdiction would be consistent with the Due Process Clause. See id. “A court’s exercise of jurisdiction over a nonresident defendant comports with due process if the defendant has ‘minimum contacts’ with the forum, such that to require the defendant to defend its interests in that state ‘does not offend traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice.’ ” Carefirst of Md., Inc. v. Carefirst Pregnancy Ctrs., Inc., 334 F.3d at 397 (quoting Int’l Shoe Co. v. Washington, 326 U.S. 310, 316 (1945)).

A. General Personal Jurisdiction
There are two types of personal jurisdiction: general and specific. A court may exercise general personal jurisdiction over a non-resident, corporate defendant if the defendant’s contacts with the forum state are so “continuous and systemic” as to render the defendant “at home” in the forum state. See Daimler AG v. Bauman, 571 U.S. 117, 139 (2014). Generally, a corporation is at home only where it has its place of incorporation and its principal place of business. See id. at 137.

It is abundantly clear that River Valley is not “at home” in West Virginia. River Valley’s contacts with West Virginia are nowhere near being continuous and systematic. River Valley is incorporated in Iowa and has its principal place of business in Iowa. (ECF No. 98, Ex. 1 ¶ 3.) Plaintiffs have made no assertions and or shown any facts challenging these statements and demonstrating that River Valley is incorporated in or has its principal place of business in West Virginia. On the contrary, River Valley is not registered to do business in West Virginia, has no officers located in or employees stationed in West Virginia, and seems to scarcely do any business in West Virginia at all. (Id. Ex. 1 ¶¶ 3-24.) As such, River Valley is not subject to general personal jurisdiction in the state of West Virginia.

B. Specific Personal Jurisdiction
A court may exercise specific personal jurisdiction over the corporate defendant if the defendant has “ ‘purposefully established minimum contacts in the forum State’ such ‘that [it] should reasonably anticipate being haled into court there.’ ” Perdue Foods, 814 F.3d at 189 (quoting Burger King Corp. v. Rudzewicz, 471 U.S. 462, 474 (1985)). The Fourth Circuit has directed courts to use the following three-pronged test to determine whether specific personal jurisdiction exists: (1) the extent to which the defendant purposefully availed itself of the privilege of conducting activities in the forum state; (2) whether the plaintiff’s claims arose out of those activities; and (3) whether the exercise of personal jurisdiction is constitutionally reasonable. Universal Leather, LLC v. Koro AR, S.A., 773 F.3d 553, 559 (4th Cir. 2014).

i. No purposeful availment
When determining whether a plaintiff has met the first prong of this analysis, the Fourth Circuit directs courts to consider the following (nonexclusive) factors:
(1) whether the defendant maintains offices or agents in the forum state; (2) whether the defendant owns property in the forum state; (3) “whether the defendant reached into the forum state to solicit or initiate business; (4) whether the defendant deliberately engaged in significant or long-term business activities in the forum state; (5) “whether the parties contractually agreed that the law of the forum state would govern disputes; (6) whether the defendant made in-person contact with the resident of the forum in the forum state regarding the business relationship; (7) the nature, quality and extent of the parties’ communications about the business being transacted; and (8) whether the performance of contractual duties was to occur within the forum.
*5 Consulting Eng’rs Corp. v. Geometric Ltd., 561 F.3d 273, 278 (4th Cir. 2009) (citations omitted and formatting modified). If, and only if, a plaintiff can satisfy the first prong should a court move to consider the second and third prongs. Id.

None of these factors are met in the instant case.3 Factors (1), (2), (5), (6), and (7) can be dealt with summarily, as they have been established by a sworn affidavit and plaintiffs have not established any facts which could result in a different conclusion. River Valley (1) does not maintain offices or agents in West Virginia; (2) does not own property in West Virginia; (5) has not contractually agreed that the law of West Virginia would govern any of its disputes or potential disputes; (6) did not have contact with any resident in West Virginia regarding its insurance services; and (7) conducted all relevant services – communicating with and providing services to defendant J&TS, conducting the DMV background check on defendant Copeland, and providing the results to National Liability & Fire Insurance Co. – in Iowa and not in West Virginia. (See ECF No. 98, Ex. 1 ¶¶ 3-24.) Factors (3), (4), and (8) require greater attention, though, as these factors were the ones plaintiffs appeared to challenge in their Response. (See ECF No. 116.)

Plaintiffs assert that River Valley’s website shows River Valley’s solicitation of West Virginia business, as the website is accessible by consumers in West Virginia and states that River Valley has “the capability of serving Nationwide”. (See id.) This argument is not supported by law for two reasons.

First, plaintiffs state no facts showing that the website is specifically targeted towards persons in West Virginia, and thus River Valley cannot be considered to be reaching into or soliciting business in West Virginia on this basis. See Fidrych v. Marriott Int’l, Inc., 2020 WL 986674, at *12 (4th Cir. Mar. 2, 2020) (“[T]he mere fact that the website is accessible in a given state does not mean that [a defendant] is targeting its activities at that state.”). The website’s statement that River Valley has “the capability of serving Nationwide” is not evidence that the website specifically targets West Virginia consumers.

Second, the website appears to be a passive rather than interactive website, as the website conveys information but consumers cannot purchase any River Valley products or services through that website. (ECF No. 98, Ex. 1 ¶ 19.) This kind of passive website is insufficient to grant specific personal jurisdiction over the website operator. HSBC Bank USA, Nat. Ass’n v. Resh, 2015 WL 4772524, at *3 (S.D.W. Va. Aug. 12, 2015) (“[I]f the defendant runs a passive site that ‘merely makes information available,’ the fact that the website can be accessed by residents in a different state is insufficient to give courts in that state personal jurisdiction over the defendant.” (quoting Carefirst of Maryland, Inc. v. Carefirst Pregnancy Ctrs., Inc., 334 F.3d 390, 399 (4th Cir. 2003))).4

*6 While plaintiffs point to the fact that West Virginia constitutes 0.000006% of River Valley’s income, this is insufficient to demonstrate the “significant or long-term business activities in the forum state” that factor (4) requires. A miniscule percentage of income such as 0.000006% cannot be considered significant. Furthermore, plaintiffs have not put forth a single example of other business River Valley has done in West Virginia, much less demonstrated a long-term pattern of West Virginia business activities. Nor have plaintiffs demonstrated how the transactions that served as the basis for River Valley’s 0.000006% of income in West Virginia have any connection to plaintiffs’ current cause of action against River Valley. And as the Supreme Court has expressed, minimal business activity is “not enough to warrant a State’s assertion of in personam jurisdiction over a nonresident corporation in a cause of action not related to those … transactions.” Helicopteros Nacionales de Colombia, S.A. v. Hall, 466 U.S. 408, 418 (1984).

The core of factor (8) is about foreseeability: whether a defendant should find it foreseeable that, based on its contracted responsibilities, it is likely to be required to perform its duties in the forum state. Here, River Valley performed all its contractual duties in Iowa, as requested by defendant J&TS, an Illinois entity, for an insurance policy that was written in Illinois. (See ECF No. 99, at p.12.) Thus, River Valley did not perform any actions relevant to this case in West Virginia, nor does it appear remotely foreseeable that River Valley would perform any actions in or affecting West Virginia. River Valley added persons to an interstate commercial motor vehicle policy. Plaintiffs appear to make the argument that this makes it sufficiently foreseeable that River Valley’s performance of its duties would affect West Virginia. This argument, relying on the stream of commerce theory, likewise fails to create specific personal jurisdiction over River Valley.

Even if River Valley performed an act and it was aware that the effects of that action could touch West Virginia – such as its act here in certifying a truck driver for an interstate commercial insurance policy, which could then result in the driver driving in West Virginia – this awareness is itself insufficient to find the kind of purposeful availment of the forum state required before specific personal jurisdiction is properly found. As the Supreme Court explained in Asahi,
The placement of a product into the stream of commerce, without more, is not an act of the defendant purposefully directed toward the forum State. Additional conduct of the defendant may indicate an intent or purpose to serve the market in the forum State, for example, designing the product for the market in the forum State, advertising in the forum State, establishing channels for providing regular advice to customers in the forum State, or marketing the product through a distributor who has agreed to serve as the sales agent in the forum State. But a defendant’s awareness that the stream of commerce may or will sweep the product into the forum State does not convert the mere act of placing the product into the stream into an act purposefully directed toward the forum State.
Asahi Metal Indus. Co. v. Superior Court of California, Solano Cty., 480 U.S. 102, 112 (1987). Here, plaintiffs have not demonstrated the presence of any of this additional conduct. See supra. Thus, while River Valley stated that defendant Copeland was eligible to be added to an interstate commercial motor vehicle policy, this is (at most) equivalent to merely placing a product into the stream of commerce without any purposeful direction of that product towards the forum state. The action of a third party, defendant J&TS, directed defendant Copeland to enter and drive in West Virginia, and does not subject River Valley to specific personal jurisdiction in West Virginia. See Walden v. Fiore, 571 U.S. 277, 284 (2014) (“[T]he relationship [between the defendant, the forum, and the litigation] must arise out of contacts that the “defendant himself” creates with the forum State.” (citations omitted)).

*7 Therefore, plaintiffs have not met their burden of making a prima facie case that River Valley purposefully availed itself of the privilege of conducting activities in West Virginia. See Universal Leather, LLC v. Koro AR, S.A., 773 F.3d 553, 559 (4th Cir. 2014). As plaintiffs have failed to satisfy this first prong of the Universal Leather test, this court need not analyze the second and third prongs of the specific personal jurisdiction analysis before concluding that River Valley is not subject to the personal jurisdiction of this court. See Consulting Eng’rs Corp., 561 F.3d at 278 (“If, and only if, we find that the plaintiff has satisfied this first prong of the test for specific jurisdiction need we move on to a consideration of prongs two and three.”).

IV. Jurisdictional Discovery
Plaintiffs request that, if this court concludes that plaintiffs have not established a prima facie case of personal jurisdiction over River Valley, plaintiffs be afforded the opportunity to conduct jurisdictional discovery “to learn the full nature and extent of River Valley’s commercial contacts” with West Virginia. (ECF No. 116, at p.2.) The court DENIES that request for the following reasons.

A. Standard for Granting Jurisdiction Discovery
“A federal district court uncertain about its personal jurisdiction over a defendant may, in its discretion, grant discovery for the limited purpose of determining whether exercising personal jurisdiction is proper.” Estate of Alford v. Fuji Heavy Indus., Ltd., 2016 WL 756489, at *1 (S.D.W. Va. Feb. 25, 2018) (citing Carefirst of Maryland, Inc. v. Carefirst Pregnancy Ctrs., Inc., 334 F.3d 390, 402 (4th Cir. 2003)). “ ‘If a plaintiff presents factual allegations that suggest with reasonable particularity the possible existence of the requisite contacts between the party and the forum state, the plaintiff’s right to conduct jurisdictional discovery should be sustained.’ ” Estate of Alford v. Fuji Heavy Indus., Ltd, 2016 WL 756489, at *1 (S.D.W. Va. Feb. 25, 2016) (quoting ; Toys “R” Us, Inc. v. Step Two, S.A., 318 F.3d 446, 456 (3d Cir. 2003)). However, “the decision of whether or not to permit jurisdictional discovery is a matter committed to the sound discretion of the district court,” and “where … the plaintiff simply wants to conduct a fishing expedition in the hopes of discovering some basis of jurisdiction,” the district court is well within its discretion to deny jurisdictional discovery. Base Metal Trading v. Ojsc Novokuznetsky Aluminum Factory, 283 F.3d 208, 216 n.3 (4th Cir. 2002). Thus, “[w]hen a plaintiff offers only speculation or conclusory assertions about contacts with a forum state, a court is within its discretion in denying jurisdictional discovery.” Carefirst, 334 F.3d at 402.

B. Analysis
Even after construing all inferences in plaintiffs’ favor, plaintiffs have offered merely speculative and/or conclusory assertions that River Valley has sufficient contacts with West Virginia for this court to assert personal jurisdiction over River Valley. Plaintiffs have done no more than simply state that River Valley has contacts with West Virginia, and have offered no concrete examples of River Valley’s contacts with the forum state.5 Compare Brighter Sky Prods., LLC v. Marriott Int’l, Inc., 2018 WL 2248601, at *7 (S.D.W. Va. May 16, 2018) (finding that the plaintiff’s claims regarding personal jurisdiction were merely conclusory where the plaintiff offered no concrete, meaningful contacts with the forum outside of the defendant’s website, and that plaintiffs’ claims do not arise out of any asserted contacts in any event), with Farrar v. Cessna Aircraft Co., 2018 WL 5891751, at *4 (S.D.W. Va. Nov. 9, 2018) (granting jurisdictional discovery where plaintiffs offered “concrete examples” of contacts with the forum state, such as defendants making “millions of dollars in revenue in West Virginia … [being] registered with the State of West Virginia for the purpose of conducting business … and advertis[ing] in and solicit[ing] business from West Virginia”).6 Moreover, allowing jurisdictional discovery would largely amount to a wasteful fishing expedition, as plaintiffs do not articulate any specific facts they anticipate to uncover; in fact, plaintiffs do not even suggest any general lines of inquiry they might pursue beyond getting to “jurisdictional issues” and questioning Mr. Friedel about his affidavit. (ECF No. 116, at p.3.) Plaintiffs merely hope to uncover some information that would aid them in asserting jurisdiction. In such a case, the court declines to authorize such a fishing expedition, and so DENIES plaintiffs’ request to conduct jurisdictional discovery.

V. Conclusion
*8 Based on the foregoing analysis, the court finds that plaintiffs have not met their burden of making a prima facie showing that River Valley purposefully directed activities at West Virginia or purposefully availed itself of the privilege of doing business here such that the exercise of jurisdiction would be reasonable. Nor have plaintiffs shown that granting jurisdictional discovery is appropriate here. It is therefore necessary to dismiss River Valley from this action for want of personal jurisdiction. As such, and for the reasons expressed above, defendant River Valley’s motion to dismiss, (ECF No. 98), is GRANTED. Defendant River Valley is further DISMISSED from this case with prejudice.

The Clerk is directed to send copies of this Memorandum Opinion and Order to all counsel of record.

IT IS SO ORDERED this 16th day of March, 2020.

All Citations
Slip Copy, 2020 WL 1272116

Footnotes

1
Also pending before the court is defendant M & K Truck Leasing, LLC’s motion to vacate Scheduling Order and Other Orders. (ECF No. 105.) That motion was filed on May 22, 2019. (See id.) On July 3, 2019, the court entered a Stipulated Amended Scheduling Order, (ECF No. 115), based on a joint proposed amended scheduling order submitted by all parties, including defendant M&K Truck Leasing. (See ECF No. 113.) Because the court entered the Stipulated Amended Scheduling Order, (ECF No. 115), the court DENIES AS MOOT defendant M&K Truck Leasing, LLC’s motion to vacate Scheduling Order and Other Orders. (ECF No. 105.)

2
https://rivervalleycapitalinsurance.com/

3
But even if one of these factors were met and prong (1) satisfied, prong (2) would not be satisfied because plaintiffs’ claims do not arise or relate to River Valley’s minimum, purposeful contacts with West Virginia.

4
Additionally, even if the website was targeted towards West Virginia such that it is sufficient to satisfy factor (3) of prong (1), the website would fail prong (2). See Universal Leather, 773 F.3d at 559. This is because plaintiffs do not allege that River Valley’s website is related in any way to the actions at issue in this case. Accordingly, the court cannot exercise specific personal jurisdiction over River Valley in this case based upon its website. See Pomeroy, Inc. v. GHL Int’l, Inc., 2009 WL 10688836, at *8 (S.D.W. Va. Feb. 18, 2009) (“Unique Balance does not allege GHL International’s website served any function in the formation or performance of the contracts at issue in this litigation. Accordingly, “the cause of action does not ‘arise out of’ [GHL International’s] website and the court cannot properly exercise specific personal jurisdiction over [GHL International] on this basis” (quoting Reynolds & Reynolds Holdings, Inc. v. Data Supplies, Inc., 301 F. Supp. 2d 545, 553 (E.D. Va. 2004))).

5
Other than the website and the 0.000006% of revenue, which this court addressed earlier, see supra Part III.B, and were also first mentioned not by plaintiffs, but by River Valley itself. See supra Part I.C.

6
It also appears that in other cases where courts have granted jurisdictional discovery, plaintiffs have met prong (1) of the Universal Leather test by showing some sufficient minimum contacts between defendant and the forum state, but are struggling to meet prongs (2) and (3) by showing how the particular cause of action in the case is connected to the defendant’s contacts with the forum state. The decisions cited here, Farrar and Brighter Sky, demonstrate this distinction.